Pakistan Relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran: Comparative Analysis

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to comparatively analyze Pakistan’s bilateral relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia, focusing on diplomatic, economic, and security dimensions. Pakistan’s foreign policy is shaped by the necessity to balance two ideologically divergent yet regionally significant powers—Iran and Saudi Arabia. Historical, religious, and economic ties influence its relations with both countries, complicating its foreign policy decisions. A qualitative approach is used, relying solely on secondary sources including academic publications, policy papers, and official records. Content analysis identifies recurring themes and patterns in diplomatic strategies. Findings reveal Pakistan’s policy of strategic neutrality and mediation, shaped by geopolitical compulsions, economic dependence on Saudi Arabia, and border security cooperation with Iran. Despite sectarian tensions and competing regional influences, Pakistan continues to pursue a pragmatic foreign policy that seeks equilibrium between Tehran and Riyadh. To sustain this balance, Pakistan must institutionalize neutrality, strengthen regional diplomacy, and diversify energy and economic partnerships.