A Critical Analysis of Pakistan’s Relations With Iran In 21st Century

Abstract

This article aims to critically analyze Pakistan's relations with Iran in the 21st century, focusing on political, economic, and security dimensions. The article explores the challenges and opportunities that define their bilateral ties in a rapidly evolving regional and global context. Pakistan and Iran share deep historical, cultural, and religious connections. Despite these ties, their relationship has been strained due to regional power dynamics, sectarian issues, and divergent foreign policy priorities. The 21st century has brought additional complexities, including the war on terror, economic sanctions on Iran, and evolving alliances in the Middle East and South Asia. The research employs a Qualitative approach, utilizing secondary sources, including research articles, official documents, policy analyses, and academic literature. It also examines geopolitical events influencing bilateral relations. The findings reveal fluctuating relations shaped by mutual interests in border security and trade, yet hindered by sectarian tensions and external pressures, particularly from the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. To foster stronger ties, Pakistan and Iran should enhance economic cooperation, establish joint border management mechanisms, and prioritize dialogue to mitigate sectarian divides and external interference.