Journal of Development and Social Sciences

Head Teachers' Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy at Elementary Level: A Correlational Study

Muhammad Arshad Javaid — 2024-10-10

The main objective of the study was to find out the relationship between head teachers' leadership practices and teachers’ self-efficacy. The study was delimited to male elementary school teachers (ESTs) of Tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan. The sample of the study was 80 male elementary school teachers (ESTs) selected through cluster random sampling technique. Data was collected from teachers by using two research instruments; Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) and Nature of School Leadership Practices Scale (NSLPS). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis of data. The results of the study showed that there was a positive correlation between head teachers' leadership practices and teachers' self-efficacy. It was recommended that Head teachers should demonstrate professionalism by supporting teachers, understanding their needs and providing them positive feedback.

Aggressive Behavior of Students with Hearing Impairment and Academic Engagement: A Study in South Punjab, Pakistan

1Khadija Tul Kubra — 2024-10-11

This study investigates the impact of aggressive behavior and influence of various forms (physical, verbal, and social) on academic engagement among students with hearing impairments in South Punjab, Pakistan.to address the research gap the study seek to develop effective intervention and support systems to enhance their educational experience. Aggressive behavior is one of the challenge faces by the student suffering with hearing impairments, which can significantly impact their academic engagement. The research uses a descriptive framework and survey approach to gather quantitative data focusing on special education schools in Multan, Bahawalpur, and DG Khan from teachers working with hearing-impaired students. The analysis, conducted using SPSS, aims to understand the prevalence of aggressive behavior and its effects on students' academic involvement. The findings are expected to inform interventions and support system that enhance the educational system of students with hearing impairments.

Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production across Agroecological Zones of Balochistan

Mansoor Rasheed — 2024-10-12

This study evaluates the impact of climate change on maize crop in Balochistan, Pakistan, focusing on key agroecological zones. Climate change has significantly changed the temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting agriculture in the region. Using panel data from the last 34 years (1986-2019) and the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) model, the study assesses maize production across districts Zhob, Jaffarabad, Panjgur, and Lasbela. The results indicate that a 1% increase in cultivated area leads to a 0.807% rise in maize output. A 1% rise in temperature initially boosts production by 150.304%, but further increases cause a 2.563% decline. Rainfall has a positive effect, with a 1% increase raising output by 1.881%, while humidity exerts minimal influence (0.122%). The study recommends adopting climate-smart agricultural practices and implementing region-specific strategies to enhance agricultural resilience in Balochistan.

The Dynamic Tapestry of Transnationalism: Examining South Asian Diasporic Identities in Sonya Lalli’s Grown Up Pose

Misbah Tariq — 2024-10-14

This study delves into the depiction of transnationalism in Sonya Lalli’s Grown Up Pose, emphasizing the intricate and pluralistic identities of South Asian diasporic characters as they traverse the complexities of a hyper-connected global milieu. Drawing upon Steven Vertovec's transnationalism theory and employing rigorous textual analysis, the study examines the fluidity of identity and the formation of multifaceted social networks within the diaspora, highlighting their participation in cross-cultural dialogues and negotiation of liminal spaces. By meticulously deconstructing these elements, this study advocates for a more expansive and nuanced interpretation of diasporic experiences, one that transcends the confines of historical trauma to foreground the proactive construction of interconnected transnational networks. The findings underscore the potential of transnational spaces to foster inclusivity, equity, and the reconfiguration of cultural narratives, thereby advancing the discourse on the South Asian diaspora in the digital era.

Diaspora, Acculturation and Identity: A Study of BapsiSidhwa’s An American BratAssimilation

Muhammad Ali Khan — 2024-10-15

Framed in relation to diaspora this work engages with the subject of how the nature of diasporic experience is determined by the socio-political scenario and whether or not the migrant feels empowerment in an altogether new locale. Diasporic experience can be understood in a variety of ways. The common thread for this paper comes from the glimpses the novel. An American Brat provides. The aim is to shed light on its impact on the protagonist. The study capitalizes on the theoretical assumptions of diasporic experience outlined by William Safran. The study shows how the protagonist undergoes the experience of identity crises and what impediments she has to face in acculturation. The study shows that the rampant socio-political and socio-economic conditions of the migrant’s homeland are very much responsible for the nature of diasporic experience on the part of the central character of the novel under-study, especially how her identity is shattered and re-built.Sense of freedom, security, boldness and empowerment which she ultimately gains in a foreign land are very much conditional upon the cultural differences, social standing of her clan and political scenario of her homeland. Path towards the attainment of self-realization entails unlearning and relearning as reflected in Feroza’s character. Assimilation in new culture is in fact beyond her family’s expectations, for which she becomes too much modern in the end.

Children’s Interactive Experiences and Meaning Making of Scientific Exhibits at Community Museum

Azhar Majeed Qureshi — 2024-10-16

The purpose of this study was to explore the interactive experiences and meaning-making strategies of science learning among children. By observing their informal science learning activities in a community natural history and science museum of Atlanta (USA), this research tries to understand children’s quest for science knowledge and possible evidence for science meaning-making. The nature of the study was qualitative, and ethnography was used as the methodology. Two primary sources of evidence for science learning were included: dialogic conversations between children and their parents and children’s behaviors as they interacted with certain exhibits within the Nature Quest area of the community museum. Only observations and field notes were used for data collection. Only children’s interactive exhibit experiences were selected for the study analysis. Three themes of personification, essence, and functional reasoning based on Ash (2003) framework were used to explore the children’s biological understandings of exhibits. An additional theme of problem-solving and collaborative skills emerged due to the specific nature of a few exhibits. Through these thematic analyses, children's meaning-making in the type of interactions was explored. The findings of the study indicate that most of their interactive experiences were brief and did not involve an in-depth scientific meaning-making process. However, it was evident that children had fun and remained engaged consistently with these exhibits, and their meaning- making of scientific phenomena was stress-free. Problem-solving was most apparent as a strategy in their search for scientific knowledge. So, vibrant learning environments must be created in such places to inspire curiosity and foster a deeper appreciation for science learning among children.

Media Representation of the Justice System: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Political Talk Shows

Sanam Younis — 2024-10-16

The objective of the study is to examine how media representation of Pakistan’s justice
system in political talk shows potentially shapes audience perception of justice system,
employing a Socio-cognitive approach to Critical Discourse Analysis. Five political talk
shows were selected based on viewership, audience reach, and content diversity. The
sample included six episodes from each political talk show (N= 30 episodes) broadcasted
every alternate Monday for three months. Findings revealed that political talk shows
consistently offered a negative frame to its audience to make sense of the justice system.
Discursive strategies such as presupposition, tag question, polarization, and presupposition
were used in discourses to implicitly affect the audience's perception of the judiciary. Results
revealed media confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance play a pivotal role in molding
public trust and confidence in the justice system. Future studies should consider the
receptive as well as production side to indicate the extent to which audiences mirror media
portrayals.

Pakistan's Preventive Detention Policy: Juggling Security and Freedom in the War on Terror

Abdul Hakeem — 2024-10-17

This paper examines Pakistan's preventive detention policy, focusing on its conflict between national security and individual liberties. The policy, implemented after the 9/11 attacks, aims to hold individuals suspected of terrorism responsible for any crime but their suspecting terrorism status. However, critics argue it undermines constitutionalism, particularly the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty and personal liberty. The study uses qualitative legal and case study research to analyze Pakistan's preventive detention laws and detainee experiences. Results show that while the policy has reduced terrorism incidences, it has also led to significant human rights violations. Critics blame the lack of judicial review and misuse by security teams. The paper recommends addressing the issue of preventive detentions in Pakistan and ensuring a balance between security and liberty.

An Analysis of Professional Development Skills at Higher Education Level

Wajahat Hussain — 2024-10-18

Professional development skills are defined as the activities that develop a teacher's knowledge, practices, and attributes. Study was on “An analysis of professional development skills at higher education level”. The objectives of the study were to study professional knowledge of university teachers, to examine the professional attributes and to analyze the professional practices of university teachers. The study was quantitative, a descriptive survey was conducted to collect data. The number sample was twenty-one teachers and three hundred and seventy students selected using a proportionate sampling technique. The data were analyzed with the help of a statistical package for the social sciences and was tabulated. The result of study was that the teachers had deep and better subject matter knowledge, content knowledge, and curriculum knowledge but they have not general pedagogical knowledge. Teachers must try to improve their professional weaknesses regarding to general pedagogy in the light of student feedback.

Exploring Ecofeminism through Cultural Narrative of Homelessness in Halaby's Once in a Promised Land

Tayyeba Ashfaq — 2024-10-23

The study aims to investigate Ecofeminism through the cultural narrative of Homelessness in Halaby's Once in a Promised Land. It investigates the Ecofeminist concept of Nature and Women dualism in Western philosophy, with a focus on the formation of a sphere of otherness through oppressions such as gender, race, and colonization. This qualitative study focuses on the interdependence of gender, nature, and women's experiences in the global village proposed by Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva. Romanticizing and sentimentalizing nature is viewed as a third area in which modern people crave women, namely women's bodies. The current understanding of nature has devolved into a deceptive process, with women perceived as inferior to men and their sexuality as subservient. Homelessness is a major issue in America, with Arab women like Salwa facing colonialism, homelessness, and refugee status. The study emphasizes the importance of accountability and self-awareness in navigating the complex dynamics of gender, nature, and women's experiences for upcoming researchers.

Understanding the Role of Patriarchy in Perpetuating Child Marriages in Pakistan: A Qualitative Exploration

Maria Muzaffar Janjua — 2024-10-23

This study investigates the means in which patriarchal structures influences child marriage practices in Pakistan and comprehend how gender-based power dynamics contribute to the continuation of this problem. Pakistan is one of the top six nations in the world for child marriages, which poses a serious societal issue with detrimental effects on the education and development of females. Social scientists, religious scholars, medical professionals, and people from the community participated in Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and interviews as part of the study's qualitative research design. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. The study showed that child marriages are perpetuated by oppression based on gender and hierarchical social structures. A recurring topic that strengthened patriarchal beliefs was son preference. The idea of "patriarchy derived from matriarchy," in which mothers unintentionally perpetuate traditional gender norms, was a novel discovery. Implement community-based programs that address patriarchal beliefs and empower women, especially mothers, to challenge traditional practices.

A Critical Analysis of Loopholes in Branchless Banking in Pakistan

Syed Arshad Ali Rizvi — 2024-10-29

This study aimed to critically explore the loopholes in Branchless Banking in Pakistan. This study was qualitative, and a total of 16 cyber investigators were interviewed face-to-face from the district Faisalabad. Collected data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results of this study are presented under different key themes, i.e. (i) serious violations of Know Your Customer (KYC) & Customer Due Diligence (CDD), (ii) BVS (Biometric Verification System) Failure followed by some sub-themes. This study unveiled that the security of internet-based financial services is a great concern. Whereas violations of KYC and CDD reflect various vulnerabilities that augment financial crimes. Ineffective use of biometric verification systems, poorly maintained retailer records, and the operation of unauthorized individuals aggravate the risks of financial crimes. There is a need for a real- time monitoring system of transactions, a strict BVS, and an awareness campaign for public on safe use of branchless banking.

A Comparative Study of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Migraine Patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Fariha Munir — 2024-10-29

Migraine and psychological disorders are frequently co-occurring around the globe. The present study aimed to compare psychiatric comorbidity in migraine patients. Sample (N=300; n=150 migraine patient, n=150 non-migraine patient) including both genders, males and females, were selected using a purposive sampling technique with ages 20-60 years. For data collection Migraine disability assessment, Migraine specific quality of life, Hospital anxiety and depression scale, and The Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire were used to assess stress, migraine, depression, quality of life, and suicidal behaviors respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that significant relationship between migraine, suicide behavior, depression, and anxiety, and significant differences between non-migraine patients and migraine patients. The migraine patients were experiencing a significant level of depression and anxiety. Migraine patients also score lower on the quality of life than non-migraine patients. Results also revealed that females are more vulnerable to the diagnosis of migraine while males score higher on suicidal behaviors. The study’s findings would be applicable in the clinical setting and helpful for clinicians, program developers, and policymakers to design interventions and coping strategies for migraine pain and its negative consequences.

Doctrine of Competency to Stand Trial in the Criminal Law in the United Arab Emirates: An Analysis

Ali Ajmal — 2024-11-02

The purpose of this research is to study the doctrine of the competency to stand trial in criminal law in the United Arab Emirates. A person who is mentally incompetent to stand trial cannot be proceeded against. The doctrinal legal analysis method was employed to study the law on competency to proceed in the United Arab Emirates. Section 5 of the Federal Law No. 38 (2022) on criminal procedure is the statutory provision which deals with the competency to stand trial in the United Arab Emirates. A defendant who is incompetent to stand trial cannot be proceeded against in the criminal charges in the United Arab Emirates; rather, he will be admitted to the mental health facility based on the mental health evaluation, and the trial shall be postponed till the revival of the mental health of the accused. Specialized forensic mental health training for mental health professionals in the UAE is recommended.

Assessing the Emotional Intelligence Level at Higher Secondary School Students in District Rahim Yar Khan

Mehwish Muhammad Ali — 2024-11-02

This research study was about assessing the emotional intelligence among the higher secondary students. Research was focusing to investigate gender differences in emotional intelligence and to examine the disparities regarding emotional intelligence from students of rural and urban areas. Access to quality education is essential for students along with emphasizing emotional intelligence to cope with challenging tasks in daily life. The data collection tool (questionnaire) included statements focusing twelve emotional intelligence components. The sample of study consisted of 200 secondary school students (142 boys, 58 girls) from 11th and 12th grades. Mean, percentage and standard deviation were calculated which indicated high levels of emotional intelligence among students, except for innovativeness factor. No significant gender differences regarding emotional intelligence found. However, urban students showed higher EI levels than rural students. Teachers training related to emotional intelligence is recommended to model and teach EI skills effectively required in today’s competitive world.

Enhancing Reading Comprehension Skills in ESL Learners through Read-Aloud Strategies: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Shaharyar Shoukat — 2024-11-06

This research examines the effects of the read-aloud strategy on improving reading comprehension of Grade 2 ESL learners in Lahore, Pakistan. Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of academic achievement, yet Pakistani primary students suffer because of limited proficiency in English and traditional rote-based methods of teaching. A quasi-experimental design was utilized with 50 students placed into an experimental group who received interactive read-aloud sessions, and a control group utilizing traditional methods. Literacy, inferential, and evaluative levels of comprehension are measured using pre- and post-tests. Results reflect significant comprehension gain in the experimental group with large effect sizes for all stories. The study shows the read-aloud technique to be effective. Recommendations are that read-aloud sessions must be included in the ESL curriculum and that teachers are trained in expressive reading and interactive questioning. Read-aloud methods can help build critical thinking, engagement, and literacy in ESL settings.

Balancing Central Authority and Regional Autonomy: A Comparative Study of Federalism in Pakistan and Malaysia

Shahida Begum — 2024-11-06

The main objective of this study is to measure the degree of autonomy in Pakistan and Malaysia to their regional governments in the capacity of federal States. The society where there diverse ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups are surviving definitely the rise of two opposite forces like Unity and Diversity is unavoidable. The federalism is system consciously adopted as a means of solving such problems to retain the distinct identity in a diverse society. This research also explored the historical perspective behind the establishment of federations, the Pakistan and the Malaysia by adopting qualitative and exploratory method of research .The data was collected by the various sources of research. The basic source was used for data collection is the constitutions of both the countries. The constitution is a living document and used as a primary source. The collected data has been analyzed through the comparative methodology and resultantly concluded that the federating units of Pakistan are more autonomous as compare to the federating units of Malaysia except Sabah and Sarawak. Despite it the autonomy of federating units of Pakistan varies from time to time. Malaysian federation is more centralized federation and Pakistan is less centralized federation. The study recommended that Malaysia should consider bringing the amendment in the constitution for elected head of State and a few of articles regarding the autonomy of federating units.

Resurgence of TTP in Pakistan: Implications for Peace and Security in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Sohail Ahmad — 2024-11-06

This article investigates the significant implications for peace and security in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, of the resurgence of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). The paper endeavors to analyze the factors that contributed to the TTP’s resurgence to elucidate the intricate dynamics that facilitated its acquisition of power, despite prior counterinsurgency efforts. This paper employed a qualitative philosophy-based explanatory approach. This study provides the root causes and hurdles behind the positive peace and security in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. We find that core ideological tenets and intricate organizational frameworks are indispensable for the development of effective counterterrorism policies and the promotion of enduring stability in regions affected by terrorism. This study suggests enhancing intelligence cooperation between national and regional security agencies and enhancing control over borders, especially from the Afghanistan side.

From Reluctance to Rebellion: A Foucauldian Analysis of Bina Shah’s Before She Sleeps

Saima Bashir — 2024-11-07

The article explores Bina Shah’s Before She Sleeps (2018), a specimen of feministic dystopian fiction under Foucault’s concept of ‘discipline’ to analyze the state’s control over the female body and its repercussions. The dark side of the world arising when political and social forces become anarchic in a nation’s power apparatus is being investigated here. When governments produce disciplined bodies and minds through the use of a strictly regulated routine, prescribed social functions, reproductive control and constant surveillance, the creation of the ‘Panah’, a secretive group of underground women where women resist the oppressive system, offers liberation from the state’s disciplinary control and allows dystopian citizens to resist and rebel against the authority of the state. Through delineating repressive state strategies of domination and elaborating women’s power of resilience the study highlights the role literature can play in helping women fight for their fundamental rights of safety and gender equality.

Naturalistic Approach in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s 'Saleema' and 'In Other Rooms, Other Wonders'

Muhammad Farooque Qureshi — 2024-11-08

In this paper, researchers intend to analyze naturalistic approach in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s short stories. He is a contemporary short story writer of Pakistan who unveils the realities of Pakistani society. His stories contain the salient features of literary naturalism. The present study qualitatively examines the naturalistic tendencies in the selected short stories, i.e., Saleema, and In Other Rooms, Other wonder. He seeks to show the conditions where characters fail to improve their social status. In present paper, Researchers explore how their survival remains difficult in their respective social and materialistic environments. Relying on the textual analysis, study has been done to determine the role of fate in the efforts of characters for their existence in society. Their dreams remain unfulfilled and ultimately they face tragic end.

Borderline Personality and the Quest for Life’s Meaning: Unraveling the Role of Interpersonal Challenges

Aqsa Batool — 2024-11-11

This research examines the intricate connection between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), life's meaning and the interpersonal difficulties related to the search for meaning, in the cultural context in Pakistan. As BPD is frequently accompanied by extreme interpersonal problems and problems with identity, it's valuable to learn how these elements interact to influence one's pursuit of meaning. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study included a quantitative assessment of BPD symptoms, interpersonal challenges, and meaning in life in a sample of 150 adults (75 with BPD and 75 controls) using validated scales. The qualitative component was based on semi structured interviews with 15 BPD members. Quantitative results showed significantly more interpersonal challenges in conjunction with an even more intense search for the meaning of life for those with BPD when compared with controls. BPD symptoms were positively correlated with interpersonal difficulties and negatively correlated with the presence of meaning. Cultural factors moderated the impact of interpersonal challenges on the search for meaning. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed and themes of familial expectation, societal pressure and cultural perception emerged about how these themes influenced participants’ relational struggles and existential outlooks were identified. Thus, these findings help to support the need for culturally sensitive interventions that address the interpersonal and existential dimensions of those with BPD.

Tea Culture in China: Tradition meets Modernity

Wang Lu — 2024-11-14

Tea can be so readily accepted by the world people simply because it is the only man-made beverage that is low in cost and conductive to health with the least adverse effect. Scientific analysis shows that tea contains a variety of substances that are effective in preventing cancer, reducing the level of cholesterol, disinfecting, helping digestion, refreshing the mind, postponing aging and beautifying human looks. In addition, tea contains some ingredients that have a unique power to resist oxidization. As a result, tea has great potential value in the local culture of every province of China. Scientific study of tea and the application of new technology will bring about a revolution in Chinese tea industries. Chinese tea culture covers almost all realms of life, both physical and spiritual. Tea culture is a branch of learning that takes as its subject of study the relationship between tea-marketing and tea-drinking on the one hand and the various aspects of political, economic and cultural life on the other as well as the influence they exert on each other. To study and systematize it carries a great and far-reaching significance. Primary and secondary data have been analysed through qualitative research which has resulted into the China big market of the tea, and it is becoming popular with the time.

Impact of Family Functioning Style on Self-Regulation and Marital Attitude of Young Adults from Pakistan

Syed Karrar Hussain — 2024-11-16

The current research aimed to analyze the affect of family functioning style on self-regulation and marital attitudes of young adults from Pakistan. Existing literature indicated that early life and family experiences shape the individual’s perception and feelings towards life especially the decision to marry and start one’s own family. Family Functioning Style Scale (Deal et al., 1988), General Attitude towards Marriages (Park & Rosén, 2013) and Self-Regulation Questionnaire (Brown et al., 1999) were filled by 300 unmarried adults with age range of 18 to 30 years from five cities that were Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Gilgit and Skardu. Results indicated that family functioning along its subdomains had signifncantly positive correlation with self-regulation and general attitude towards marriages. The regression analysis showed strong prediction of same. Further, men and young adults from the joint families scored higher on study varaibles. These findings guides the development of family-centered interventions to improve relational and personal outcomes among Pakistani youth.

The Role of Gratitude in Coping with Uncertainty: A Qualitative Analysis

Aiman Rahim — 2024-11-19

This study investigates the role of gratitude in managing uncertainty and its impact on psychological well-being. It explores how individuals use gratitude as a coping strategy during uncertain times and whether it alleviates anxiety, stress, and depression. Uncertainty is a major contributor to psychological disorders, and unpredictable events have been reported to increase stress. While gratitude has been shown to promote positive emotions and mental health, its ability to buffer the effects of uncertainty remains less explored. Using semi-structured interviews with 20 participants from Lahore, Pakistan, aged 18 to 65 years, this qualitative study examines how gratitude is practiced during uncertain periods. Thematic analysis revealed that gratitude enhances emotional resilience, fosters positive reframing, strengthens social bonds, and reduces anxiety and stress. Participants linked gratitude to a sense of control, purpose, and growth, with many expressing a greater appreciation for small joys. The study suggests integrating gratitude into mental health interventions, particularly for those facing uncertainty.

Liminality in Abulhawa’s The Blue between Sky and Water and Alyan’s The Arsonists’ City

Mehak Zikria — 2024-11-22

This paper explores the pathetic condition of Palestinians as depicted by Palestinian American writers: Susan Abulhawa in The Blue between Sky and Water (2015) and Hala Alyan in The Arsonists' City (2021) through Victor Turner’s concept of liminality. Palestine has been the stage for devastating tragedies, with Palestinians enduring brutal massacres, forced abductions, and sexual exploitation at the hands of Israelis since the mid-20th century onward. Consequently, Palestinians grapple with anxieties, uncertainties, and profound doubts about their future due to Israeli violence. Through the lens of liminality, this study investigates how both Palestinian writers portray the Palestinian tragic experience amidst devastating events by addressing themes of migration, discrimination, and promoting understanding and acceptance across diverse cultural backgrounds. This paper explores the Palestinians’ painful experiences, which are transmitted to their descendants via colonization.

The Role of Teacher Immediacy and Teacher-Student Rapport in Shaping Academic Motivation: Evidence from Prospective Teachers in Pakistan

Tariq Hussain — 2024-11-22

This study aimed to examine the relationship between teacher immediacy (TI), teacher-student rapport (TSR), and academic motivation (AM) among prospective teachers in Lahore, Pakistan, while exploring gender differences. Teacher immediacy and rapport significantly impact academic motivation, aligning with social cognitive and self-determination theories. Understanding these relationships can enhance teacher education programs. A quantitative correlation research design was employed. Using multistage sampling, 455 participants from five universities were selected. Data were collected via three validated instruments: the Immediacy Behavior Scale (IBS), Teacher-Student Rapport Scale (TSRS), and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), with reliability coefficients of 0.85, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed among TI, TSR, and AM. Male prospective teachers reported higher perceived TI and TSR, highlighting gender differences in these variables. To address gender disparities and enhance AM, teacher training programs should incorporate rapport-building and immediacy strategies, alongside gender-sensitive approaches, to foster positive teacher-student interactions.

Improving Software as a Service (SaaS) Efficacy in Real Estate Sector

Amna Sana — 2024-11-23

As the real estate industry increasingly relies on mobile communication strategies, the role of SMS marketing has become pivotal in engaging potential buyers and renters. This research explores the significance of interface design in SMS marketing within the real estate sector, focusing on user experience and interaction. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative data analysis and qualitative user feedback. Utilizing real-world case studies and industry-specific scenarios, Findings from this research are expected to provide actionable insights for real estate professionals, marketers, and interface designers to optimize SMS marketing campaigns. By understanding the dynamics of user interaction and preferences, stakeholders can tailor their approaches to convey property information effectively and create a positive and memorable user experience, fostering long-term client relationships. The results further recommend that designing interfaces that resonate with users can elevate the effectiveness of SMS marketing strategies to achieve efficacy in real estate sector.

Interposed Crimes and Pakistan: Causes and Consequences

Zeenat — 2024-11-27

The objective of this study is to explore the influence of interposed crime on Pakistan’s national security and socioeconomic stability. This study also observes non-traditional security risks associated with transnational crimes, such as the effects on the environment, economy, society, and health. Transnational crime refers to criminal organizations that function across national borders. This encompasses criminal organizations that traffic in a variety of goods, including people, weapons, drugs, mining, and other items. Due to its geographical location, Pakistan faces security issues after her independence and still today. The methodology used in this research is primarily qualitative method, and also uses of historical, exploratory, and descriptive approach used to define the impacts of interposed crime on Pakistan. The finding of this study existing legal framework and their policies would not be implemented properly. Political instability and economic inequality creates hurdles to combat interposed crime in Pakistan .This study recommends that implementation of laws well managed policies, training, educational initiatives, raising public awareness , economic equality ,socio-political stability , strong governance and international cooperation is necessary for reducing the effects of interposed crime on Pakistan non- traditional security.

Gamification as a Pedagogical Tool for Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills in STEM Education: A Case Study of High School Classrooms

Farzana Zahid Sahito — 2024-11-29

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of modern teaching methods in enhancing student engagement and critical thinking in STEM education. STEM education is a global priority due to its role in preparing students for the knowledge-based economy. Traditional methods of teaching STEM, such as lectures, often fail to engage students or develop their analytical and creative skills, which are essential for the 21st century. A review of current teaching practices in STEM was conducted, focusing on the effectiveness of active learning and innovative instructional strategies in improving student interest and cognitive skills. The findings highlight that interactive and student-centered approaches significantly increase engagement, creativity, and critical thinking in STEM subjects. It is recommended that educators adopt more interactive teaching methods, integrate real-world problem-solving, and foster creativity to enhance learning outcomes in STEM education.

Comparative Analysis of Classroom Management Practices and Teaching Methodologies across Educational Sectors in District D.I. Khan

Zafar Khan — 2024-11-30

This study aims to compare classroom management practices and teaching methodologies across government, semi-government, and private secondary schools in District D.I. Khan to identify sector-specific strengths and areas for improvement. A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing a Likert-scale questionnaire to collect data from 457 respondents. Statistical analyses, including mean comparisons and ANOVA, revealed that while classroom management practices showed no significant differences across sectors, teaching methodologies varied significantly. Government schools excelled in maintaining discipline and employing structured teaching practices such as lesson planning and the use of visual aids. Semi-government schools demonstrated strength in interactive and student-centered approaches, including the effective use of technology and maintaining clarity in communication. Private schools emphasized individualized attention and student engagement but showed inconsistencies in resource utilization and planning. These findings emphasize the need for sector-specific interventions to optimize teaching practices and improve educational outcomes, fostering equity and excellence across the educational landscape. It is recommended that interventions, such as technology integration, enhanced teacher training, equip teachers with necessary visual aids, and sectoral collaboration, are essential to optimize educational outcomes across all sectors.

Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Engagement and Performance in the Public Sector

Syed Shameel Ahmed Quadri — 2024-11-30

This study aims to examine the influence of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employee engagement and performance in the public sector, emphasizing the mediating role of employee engagement. Leadership styles have a profound effect on organizational outcomes. While transformational leadership is linked to higher employee motivation, transactional leadership focuses on structured rewards and punishments. Understanding their impacts on employee performance is critical, especially in public sector organizations. A quantitative research design was used, employing survey questionnaires distributed to employees in various public sector organizations across Pakistan. Data from 568 respondents were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses. Both leadership styles significantly influence employee performance, with employee engagement acting as a mediator. Transformational leadership exhibited a stronger positive effect on engagement and performance compared to transactional leadership. Public sector organizations should prioritize developing transformational leadership qualities through targeted programs to enhance employee engagement, motivation, and overall performance.

Transhuman Perspective of Machine’s (Artificial Intelligence) Identity in Brown’s Origin: A Discourse Analysis

Dur e Shahwar — 2024-11-30

This paper aims to analyse the construction of machine identity in Brown’s Origin through artificial intelligence (AI) character Winston. Using Gee’s discourse analysis, this research maps out how Winston enacts his identity beyond the machine roles of an assistant, in terms of language, interaction and narrative structure to human-like characteristics such as empathy, agency and creativity. The analysis is also accompanied by Bostrom’s transhuman philosophy, which questions the ethics of integrating AI into human society, its free will and decision making. Explicating the specific tendencies of Winston’s linguistic structure and narrative, the paper uncovered that AI’s identity presents arguments of transhumanism that are self-representing facets of superintelligence, ethical alignment and existential risks of AI technologies. Finally, this study advances the conversation about AI and transhumanism, and how narrative’s text is reframing what it means to be human or otherwise, an agent, and a subject in conjunction with machines. This study invites scholars to explore transhuman perspectives in performing AI in real life scenarios for productive use of AI.

Impact of School Led-Factors about Provision of Educational Facilities on Students’ Academic Performance: Gender, Locality and Sector Analysis

Aamir Ghani Sarki — 2024-12-03

The objectives of the present study were to find out the impact of school-led factors on students’ academic performance and to compare the impact of school-led factors on gender, locality and sector. The study was survey and descriptive in nature. The mixed approach quantitative and qualitative (QUAN-qual.) was adopted. The explanatory sequential approach was used. Population of the study were comprised of school heads, teachers and students of secondary classes. Randomly the sample of 560 respondents including 40 school heads, 120 teachers and 400 students was selected. The questionnaire contained on closed-ended and open-ended items was used for data collection and collected data was analyzed through SPSS-24. Findings, SF.15 presents that mean value of urban is 3.521 and rural are 3.635 that reflect that urban performed better than rural. The SD 1.090, t value 0-1.258, DF 558 and Sig. 0.061 also supported. The results revealed that majority of respondents viewed that school facilities may be provided on priority basis for quality of education. The study recommended that basic facilities may be provided in the schools.

The Impact of Teacher Immediacy and Humor on Undergraduate Student Classroom Engagement: Evidence from Pakistan

Tariq Hussain — 2024-12-03

This study investigates the impact of teacher immediacy and humor on undergraduate student engagement in Pakistani higher education. The primary goal is to identify how these behaviors influence engagement and to analyze gender and institutional differences in their effects. Through verbal and non-verbal communication, teacher immediacy lowers psychological distance and increases student engagement and motivation. Humor fosters an engaging learning environment that fosters creativity and enjoy, which is a great way to balance immediacy. Using a quantitative correlation methodology, 456 undergraduate students from 9 universities (4 public, 5 private) in Lahore were surveyed. A self-developed questionnaire that assessed student engagement, humor, and teacher immediacy was used to gather data. Relationships and predictive impacts were evaluated by statistical studies, such as regression and Pearson correlations. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between immediacy and engagement (r = 0.538, p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation between humor and engagement (r = 0.462, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed immediacy as a stronger predictor of engagement (β = 0.417) than humor (β = 0.287). Male and private university students demonstrated higher engagement levels. Teachers should be trained to use immediacy and humor effectively, fostering engaging and dynamic classrooms. Gender-sensitive approaches are essential to ensure balanced engagement for all students. Public universities should adopt interactive teaching methods and enhance student-teacher interaction to boost engagement. Encouraging active participation through group work and discussions can further create an inclusive learning environment.

Environmental Performance in the Era of Industry 4.0: The Role of Corporate Digital Responsibility, Green Capability, and Environmental Dynamism

Bibi Zainab — 2024-12-05

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between corporate digital responsibility and the ability of businesses to accomplish environmental goals. In addition, we investigate how environmental dynamics improve environmental performance. Although corporate digital responsibility has been shown to improve operational and financial performance, there may be unanticipated environmental consequences. To address these concerns, this paper investigates how firms might build a portfolio of technologies to achieve their corporate digital responsibility (CDR) goals. It refers to the companies' ability to execute digital corporate responsibility. Close ended questionnaire was used. A survey of 319 Pakistani manufacturing firms revealed a significant correlation between corporate digital responsibility and environmental performance. The data support the premise that green competence mediates the link between corporate digital responsibility and environmental performance. The results do not support the hypothesis that the usage of environmental dynamism moderates the association between corporate digital responsibility and environmental performance. We suggest employing a mixed-methods strategy that combines both in-depth qualitative research and advanced quantitative analyses. As a result, companies are unable to utilize the synergies between CDR and environmental dynamism to achieve higher levels of EP.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Early Childhood Education Policy in Pakistan: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations

Abdul Qayyum — 2024-12-06

This study aims to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders policymakers, educators, parents, and experts on AI integration in ECE in Pakistan. It identifies challenges, evaluates existing policy gaps, and proposes recommendations for effective AI integration. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education (ECE) has shown potential for enhancing learning experiences globally. However, in Pakistan, AI remains underutilized in ECE policies, which raises questions about the barriers and opportunities for its adoption in the country's educational system. A qualitative research design was employed, using semi-structured interviews and focus groups to collect data from 30 participants, including policymakers, education experts, teachers, and parents. Findings reveal that while stakeholders recognize the benefits of AI for personalized learning, challenges such as infrastructure limitations, cultural barriers, and ethical concerns about data privacy exist. Current ECE policies lack provisions for AI integration. The study recommends that Pakistan's ECE policies incorporate AI training for educators, invest in digital infrastructure, and develop culturally appropriate AI tools to promote inclusivity and equity in education.

The Military Trial of the Civilians: The Limits of Interpretation and Unwritten Judicial Policy in Pakistan

Malik Muhammad Imran — 2024-12-16

This article provides overview of the history of civilians’ military trials under highly debated Principle of Necessity. The objective is to show the functioning of the courts on the basis of unwritten law and unwritten judicial policy in the operation of the legal system in matters involving civilians’ trials in military courts vis-a-vis the constitutionally granted fundamental rights of due process and a fair trial. This is accomplished by giving brief background, extensive case law and by conducting cross-sectional analysis of the relevant constitutional provisions. This article has concluded that these Courts' attitude might be described as “in defence of leftover continuity." It doesn't seem like the same has the intention of permanently resolving the finding. It is suggested that there is need to arrest the unwritten law based approach of the courts and that it is vital to refrain from making additional decisions when doing so is not required.

Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG): A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Psychological and Physiological Processes in Finding Meaning and Strength after Trauma

Muhammad Haris Khan Khattak — 2024-12-16

This mixed-methods study aimed to explore the psychological and physiological processes involved in PTG, examining the role of meaning-making, social support, psychological well-being, perceived stress, cortisol levels, and heart rate variability (HRV). The study involved 60 trauma survivors, with 30 participants from a qualitative phase and 30 additional participants in the quantitative phase. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Quantitative data included the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, cortisol levels, and HRV. Results showed that social support, psychological well-being, and HRV were significant predictors of PTG, with social support emerging as the strongest predictor. Perceived stress and cortisol levels did not significantly predict PTG. The findings highlight the importance of psychological and social factors, particularly social support and well-being, in facilitating PTG, while also suggesting that physiological resilience, as reflected by HRV, plays a key role. These results have implications for interventions designed to support trauma survivors and promote post-traumatic growth. Future research should further explore the interaction between psychological and physiological factors in PTG and examine these processes across diverse populations.