Journal of Development and Social Sciences

Evaluating the Interplay between Inflation and Socioeconomic Variables: Implications for Household Consumption and Economic Stability in Pakistan

Hina Ali — 2025-01-06

This study examines the socioeconomic effects of inflation on family spending patterns and community purchasing power in Pakistan from 1990 to 2023. Stationarity tests reveal that key economic variables are integrated of order one (I(1)), while the GDP deflator inflation rate remains stationary at level (I(0)). The Bounds test confirms a long-term equilibrium relationship among these variables. In the short term, increases in final consumption expenditure, access to clean cooking technology, and consumer price inflation negatively influence the GDP deflator inflation rate, with these effects persisting over the long term. Diagnostic tests highlight issues of serial correlation, suggesting that economic shocks can have lasting impacts. These findings emphasize the need for robust policy interventions to stabilize consumption patterns, enhance household purchasing power, and curb inflation. Comprehensive, long-term measures are essential to promote economic stability, improve living standards, and mitigate the adverse social impacts of inflation in Pakistan.

Icons of Faith: Understanding the Connection Between Religious Symbols and Youth Happiness in Pakistan

Ali Raza Siddique — 2025-01-10

This study is aimed to explore the religious symbols and their connections to the happiness among youth in Pakistan. Qualitative research design was explored the cultural components linked with religious symbols causes wellbeing of the youth. Pakistan people are emotional in terms of religious affiliations and are facing serious problems in terms of religious intolerance and terrorism. So this study focused on the importance of these symbols, which facing the hardships and their connection with resilience and coping strategies through qualitative lense. The in-depth interviews followed by thematic analysis was done to collect the data for research from youth of Pakistan. The findings shows that religious symbols give sense of direction to the youth and community accompanied by the emotional support. All these components showed that there is valuable effect of religious symbols on the happiness and contentment. This also emphasizes the vital role of cultural and religious bases among youth in order to comprehend their psychological well-being, happiness, resilience and coping strategies.

Cyber Warfare between India and Pakistan: Implications for the Region

Beenish Riaz — 2025-01-10

This study is to explore the cyber warfare waging between India and Pakistan has developed into a more important part of their geopolitical rivalry, which severely alters the fate of the region in terms of stability and security. The main aim of this study on the consequences of cyber operations between these countries, which have previously been aggravated due to politics, territorial issues, and military confrontation. Cyber capabilities in both nations are put on their strategic arsenal, for this new type of warfare has many different and novel risks such as disruption of critical infrastructures, economic losses, and the psychological impact on civilian populations. The paper studies scope and scale in that it takes the investigation into the cyber attacks from sides and what tactics, targets, and engineering it has possible. The greater part of these cyber confrontations is brought into a study on greater international importance concerning South Asian security dynamics .The methodolgy used in this article is qualitative method. The result of this study is to constituting not only state systems but also growing militarization of cyberspace, the study calls for increased and more innovative regional cooperation in putting together robust frameworks for cyber security for preventing escalated cyber conflicts into full-scale war. This research recommends the India and Pakistan requires a multifaceted approach that includes diplomatic dialogue, enhanced cyber security cooperation, clear rules of engagement, public awareness, and international support.

Economic Exploitation under British Rule: The Impacts on Indian Society

Khizar Jawad — 2025-01-10

This paper focuses on the process of economic exploitation of India by the British colonial masters and its various effects on the Indian social entity. The aim is to consider the colonial economic policies as institutional frames like the land revenue system, education, and the drain of resources, and the social impacts of these policies. Hence, the methodological approach is a historical analysis that combines historical accounts and critical economic works to analyse primary sources of nationalist movements.‎ As the research findings show, British policies led to devastating disasters, which included the formation of massive poverty, continuous famines, and the eradication of original British industries. Social injustices firmed, indigenous knowledge lost, and imperialism to some extent led to nationalism.‎ According to the study, colonial exploitation requires an equitable development policy agenda and for the ‎colonial economic impact to shape modern applicable socio-economic policies more research into the ‎economic impacts of colonialism is required.‎

Teachers as Change Agents: Professional Development for Integrating SDGs into Pedagogy in Pakistani Context

Muhammad Shariq — 2025-01-11

The objective of the study is to investigating the professional learning and knowledge enhancement requirements of Pakistani educators in regard to implementation of SDG in context of their classrooms. The research is both quantitative and qualitative in nature which investigates how teachers, educational administrators and policymakers view the implementation of SDGs in their classrooms. The results show that despite the increasing concern about the SDGs, there are still problems that include a lack of preparation, insufficient funding and weak policy backing. According to these findings, the research provides a framework for the teacher professional development which comprises of trained programmes, curriculum change and the networking of learning. The study also calls for the facilitation of the necessary knowledge, skills and resources that teachers need for the integration of SDG into their teaching practices to support the realization of the quality education SDG 4 as well as the other related goals.

Harmonizing Humanity: Unveiling the Nexus of International and Constitutional Dynamics in Pakistan’s Potential Adoption of the Refugees Convention

Syed Murad Ali Shah — 2025-01-11

United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees adopted in 1951 is deemed as a cornerstone of international human rights law. The significant objective of the Convention certifies the protection of refugees’ rights and inherent dignity. The constitution of Pakistan provides fundamental rights to the vulnerable refugee community. Therefore, Foreigners Act, 1946 works as a legal mechanism for regulating the rights of refugees, but it is inadequate to fulfill the objectives of the Refugee Convention till now. Pakistan is not a signatory to the Convention; therefore, it is imperative to ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention to ensure the protection of refugees’ rights. This study examine the intersection between Refugee Convention and the fundamental rights provided in Pakistan’s constitution, by employing exploratory and descriptive methodology, highlights the concerns regarding the absence of the Convention in Pakistan’s legal framework and advocates for the ratification of so to address legal gaps.

Comparative Analysis of SDG-Aligned Performance Indicators across Major Cities of Punjab

Nabeela Kousar — 2025-01-12

The study aims to evaluate socio-economic, cultural, environmental, and infrastructural disparities across six major cities of Punjab—Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Sargodha, and Bahawalpur—through the lens of SDG-aligned performance indicators to inform sustainable development policies. Punjab's cities exhibit significant variations in development trajectories, with urban centers like Lahore experiencing rapid economic growth and resource consumption, while rural cities like Sargodha and Bahawalpur lag behind in infrastructure and economic opportunities. Data was collected from the Bureau of Statistics, open datasets, the Compendium of Environmental Statistics, and utility centers of the respective cities. Descriptive and exploratory data analysis techniques were applied to compare city-level performance across sustainability dimensions. Lahore’s rapid urbanization leads to high GDP and resource consumption but causes significant environmental degradation. Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Multan struggle to balance industrial growth with environmental sustainability, while rural cities face challenges in socio-economic development. Tailored policy measures, including promoting green industrial practices, equitable resource allocation, and infrastructure development, are essential to foster balanced and inclusive growth across Punjab’s cities.

A Critical Analysis of Pakistan’s Relations With Iran In 21st Century

Muhammad Waqas Anwar — 2025-01-15

This article aims to critically analyze Pakistan's relations with Iran in the 21st century, focusing on political, economic, and security dimensions. The article explores the challenges and opportunities that define their bilateral ties in a rapidly evolving regional and global context. Pakistan and Iran share deep historical, cultural, and religious connections. Despite these ties, their relationship has been strained due to regional power dynamics, sectarian issues, and divergent foreign policy priorities. The 21st century has brought additional complexities, including the war on terror, economic sanctions on Iran, and evolving alliances in the Middle East and South Asia. The research employs a Qualitative approach, utilizing secondary sources, including research articles, official documents, policy analyses, and academic literature. It also examines geopolitical events influencing bilateral relations. The findings reveal fluctuating relations shaped by mutual interests in border security and trade, yet hindered by sectarian tensions and external pressures, particularly from the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. To foster stronger ties, Pakistan and Iran should enhance economic cooperation, establish joint border management mechanisms, and prioritize dialogue to mitigate sectarian divides and external interference.

Determining the Effect of Artificial Intelligence on online Buying Behavior of Consumers: A Case study of Retail Buyers in Karachi Sindh

Ghulam Murtaza Shah — 2025-01-15

The main objective of this research is to analyze the effect of AI Personalization, Chatbots effectiveness and Predictive analysis on buying decision of online buyers. Increasing uses of AI technologies facilitate online retailers to improve personalized buying experiences, innovate selling practices, improve customer service and enhance customer satisfactions. This research includes four hundred online buyers from karachi and survey questionnaire used to collect primary data. Data analysis show T statistics, significant p value and positive beta results are statistically significant which show all three hypotheses are accepted. This research study concluded that AI Personalization, Chatbots effectiveness and Predictive Analysis, significantly influence the purchase decision of online buyers. Future researchers can use many other technologies of Artificial Intelligence as well as online consumers can be selected from other metropolitan cities like Lahore, Quetta and Islamabad.

Using Modern Technology in Enhancing L2 (English) Reading Motivation among Undergraduate Students of Pakistan

Waqas Rafi Babar — 2025-01-15

The study has been conducted to investigate the objectives of technology incorporation influences on students’ L2 (English) reading success, students’ motivation, and teachers’ skill. The study has tried to foster on students’ improvement in reading comprehension because empirical studies have simply addressed reading, L1 and L2 reading motivation. It has been observed that the score in reading comprehension has been declining among the students for numerous reasons such as avoiding and ignoring the incorporation of modern technology. Using the theory of a process model of L2 motivation, the researchers have designed three groups of the undergraduate students of BS English of NCBA&E Lahore. Three research questions were framed. Data have been collected from a sample of 85 students. The findings show that the incorporation of technology in the teaching methodology has improved, reading comprehension, motivation and teacher ability. Study has recommended the incorporation of technology with teaching and reading in English.

Engaging Stakeholders and Public Participation: Connective Leadership Tool for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in Public Sector Governance of Pakistan

Sulman Naeem Mirza — 2025-01-16

This review paper aim to examine the literature on concepts of stakeholder, civic engagement, social capital and relevance with connective leadership that fortifies the relationship/communication among stakeholders. Using thematic research, and analysis technique, the review selected literature from databases like (Cardiff Met Search, Ebsco, Elsevier, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Springer). This review highlights benefits of these procedures including, increased political legitimacy, citizen empowerment and more inclusive governance, however, still pose challenges, such as confusion or misconceptions about stakeholder engagement and overlap with public participation. Research emphasizes use of clear strategies and definitions to deal with challenges. The review article also explores the evolving role of connective civil leaders of public sector organization, i.e. public administrators in shared governance that facilitates partnerships and leverage social capital to strengthen civic relationships and connections. It also admits the potential of digital platforms to expand the engagement. Thus, recognize obstacles of political dynamics; struggle for power and socio-economic disparity. This review identified and presents number of knowledge gaps in literature.

The Localization of Buddhist Art in China: A Case of "Emperor and Empress Worshiping Buddha" during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Chu Meng — 2025-01-17

In the long history of China, Buddhist culture flourished during the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, with Buddhist temples and grottoes such as Yungang, Gongyi, and Longmen emerging, and relief murals frequently depicting scenes of Buddhist rituals performed by emperors and queens. This article focuses on the art of Buddhist rituals of the empresses and queens, and shows the fusion of Buddhism and Chinese culture. Through the Wei Shu and other historical materials, the relationship between the empresses and Buddhism is sorted out; combined with anthologies and epitaphs, details of Buddhist rituals by the nobility are explored. Image analyses focus on cave murals, interpreting religious symbolism and aesthetics. This interdisciplinary study integrates historical, artistic, religious, and sociological perspectives, revealing the connotations of the Buddhist rituals of the Empress and the Empress, demonstrating the paths of the localisation of Buddhist art and its influence, deepening the understanding of history and culture, and providing insights into the study of contemporary art.

Disinformation and Political Polarization: A Qualitative Study on the Role of Social Media to Develop Political Biases in Pakistan

Iqra Riasat — 2025-01-17

This study aims to find the outcomes of disinformation being spread through social media and practices leading to youth following and trusting in such information blindly without any authentication. Pakistani society went through a socio-cultural and political change with the introduction of internet technology. Under the western concepts of human rights, the social media provides freedom of speech and freedom of thoughts. This study was qualitative in nature, including online content analysis, participant observation, indepth interviews, and focused group discussions. Through purposive sampling, the youth of Quaid-I-Azam University and PMAS Arid Agriculture University, aged 20 to 30 year, was selected and 24 in-depth interviews were conducted. Social media has a positive impact for the growth of a balanced society, but in the context of Pakistan the use of social media is for developing political biases through disinformation brings forth a political polarization. Consequently, political biasness and intolerance are observed very common among youth. There is need to develop new policies to protect

Integrating Medical Teaching to Address Misuse of Antibiotic

Sohail Ahmed — 2025-01-17

In highly vaccinated areas, resistance to antimicrobials has surged rapidly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially within Pakistan, owing to the more extensive misuse and abuse of antibiotics. This study investigates the gap present in antibiotic stewardship and public health policies on AMR within the medical education system of Pakistan for this aim. This work investigates the insight and perspective of medical students, teachers, and professionals towards antibiotic misuse, antimicrobial resistance, and related policies. The findings suggest that there is an inadequate understanding and training concerning the extensive social and moral effects of AMR. Additionally, inadequate extracurricular activities.The findings point out the crucial requirement for adding antibiotic stewardship, bioethics, and public health issues into medical course materials to deal with the misuse of antibiotics and to check the rise of AMR. The results show that merging education, rigorous policy enforcement, and awareness into a single approach provides a practical solution to this challenge.

Race, Culture, and Identities in Second Language Education: A Comprehensive Review of Research and Insights

Saba Sarwar — 2025-01-18

EFL textbooks are more than just grammatical references; they are also a tool that allows students to acquire their first glances of the target culture. Therefore, such information in these materials must be well chosen to avoid putting forward a one-sided picture of the target society, which may revive old stereotypes. This article evaluates the identification of the target culture to address this concern by analyzing EFL textbooks. Hypotheses of the research are: The primary hypothesis is that the content of the analyzed materials is dominated by the image of the target culture about other cultures; the secondary hypothesis is that gender, national, and ethnic prejudices can be traced in the content of the analyzed materials. Thus, the study findings show that the target culture dominates the EFL textbooks. This study brought the following three findings. First of all, EFL materials portray a narrow vision coming from American and British cultural products, thus reducing learners' opportunities to encounter the rather broad representation of the target community. More particularly, the texts underline such features of popular culture as American, while cultural heritage features are closer to the British ones.

The Impact of Institutional Quality on Inclusive Growth in Developing Countries

Meer Jan — 2025-01-18

Inclusive growth offers a new perspective on measuring progress of a country. In many developing nations, despite experiencing economic growth, poverty and income inequality remain either on the rise or stagnate. This paper investigates the impact of institutional quality on inclusive growth in 91 developing countries over the period of 2008 to 2021 and employed System Generalized method of moments (GMM). To measure growth inclusiveness, the study construct an inclusive growth index using Social opportunity function. Additionally, six different indicators are used to measure institutional quality. The empirical results of this study shows that there is positive and statistically significant impact of institutional quality on inclusive growth. Moreover, the paper also constructs indifference curves for selected developing countries to check their inclusiveness. Finally, it is suggested that developing economies developing countries should prioritize strengthening their institutions as the foundation for fostering inclusive growth, improving public trust, and ensuring long-term social and economic stability.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Drug-Induced Hepatitis: A Systematic Review on Differentiation from Viral Hepatitis

Syed Umer Umer — 2025-01-22

Exploring the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the diagnosis and differentiation of Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) from viral hepatitis. DILI presents symptoms like viral hepatitis, including elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, and liver dysfunction, complicating diagnosis using traditional methods. Accurate and timely differentiation is critical for improving patient outcomes and addressing global morbidity and mortality associated with liver diseases. A systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar identified 933 studies on AI applications in differentiating DILI from viral hepatitis. Of these, 55 studies were reviewed, focusing on diverse AI techniques and their diagnostic performance metrics. AI models demonstrated high accuracy in distinguishing DILI from viral hepatitis using clinical data, imaging, and biomarkers. Machine learning algorithms were particularly effective in early diagnosis and prognostic predictions. Advancing AI models with multimodal data integration can enhance diagnosis, identify novel therapeutic targets, and reduce healthcare costs through improved patient outcomes and pharmaceutical efficiencies.

China Influence in Middle East: A Critical Analysis

Ayesha Noor — 2025-01-23

The main objective of this study to understand the China's developing impact in the Middle East mark a huge change in the district's international elements, driven by Beijing's monetary desires, vital interests, and its mission to improve worldwide impact. unlike to customary Western methodologies, China has embraced an even minded and non-interventionist procedure that spotlights on monetary commitment and strategy, especially through drives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This paper investigates the complex idea of China's commitment to the Center East, featuring its financial, political, and vital aspects. The Center East is crucial for China's energy security, as it imports more than 40% of its oil from the area. Beijing has likewise developed attachments with the Gulf Collaboration Committee (GCC) states, Iran, and other territorial players, getting long haul energy arrangements and partaking in the development of ports, rail routes, and modern zones. China plans to offset its associations with rival powers in the district, like Saudi Arabia and Iran, keeping up with nonpartisanship in clashes to defend its monetary advantages. China's intercession in the Saudi-Iran détente in 2023 highlights its developing job as a harmony merchant, testing customary Western strength in territorial strategy. Moreover, China's developing military presence, exemplified by its maritime base in Djibouti, mirrors its expectation to safeguard sea courses and grow its security impression. China's methodology is portrayed by non-obstruction in homegrown undertakings and regard for power, interesting to Center Eastern systems careful about Western interventionism. This lines up with its more extensive story of offering an option in contrast toward the Western-drove global request. Be that as it may, China faces difficulties, including exploring the district's complicated contentions, overseeing U.S. vital rivalry, and tending to neighborhood view of its expectations. China's impact in the Center East addresses a shift toward a multipolar worldwide request, where Beijing looks to offset monetary sober mindedness with key desire. While it dodges direct contest with the U.S., its growing job in the district implies a more extensive recalibration of force elements, reshaping the Center East's future direction in a period of rising Asian impact. This study reasons that China's commitment, however generally monetary, conveys significant ramifications for local steadiness, worldwide energy markets, and the advancing worldwide power structure.

U.S.-China Trade Policies Under the Biden Administration: A Critical Analysis

Aliza Khalil — 2025-01-24

This study looks at how relations between the United States and China have changed under the Biden administration. It draws attention to Biden's stance on current tariffs, prospective new discussions, and their effects on technology and global supply lines. A constant shift has been seen in US trade policies in 20th century for balancing economic priorities, political alignments and global dynamics. There’s been a divide among republicans and democrats over trade policies, republicans favored high tariffs before 1960s and advocated free trade post 1960s while democrats advocated lower tariffs pre 1960s and leaned toward protectionism in post 1960s. A bipartisan emerged in 2016 under Donald Trump administration to counter Chinese influence and high tariffs were imposed under section 301 of U.S. Trade Act of 1974. The study uses a qualitative methodology to examine how Biden's policies affect economic situations and bilateral ties. Biden's administration seeks to rebalance U.S.-China relations within a framework of economic security and international collaboration, according to the literature assessment, which also addresses topics of economic nationalism and strategic competitiveness.

The Impact of Triple Talaq in Pakistan: Legal, Social, and Religious Perspectives with a Case Study of Sindh

Danish Bashir Mangi — 2025-01-24

The practice of triple talaq, or talaq-e-bid’ah, has been a subject of much debate because of its legal, social, and economic implications for Muslim women. While the Quran has provided a structured and gradual process of divorce, triple talaq permits a husband to instantly and irrevocably divorce his wife by pronouncing “talaq” three times in one sitting. This is against the teachings of Islam, which emphasize reconciliation and patience. Traditionally, Caliph Umar exercised triple talaq as a form of disciplinary punishment, but unfortunately, it was grossly misused, mainly in Pakistan where the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 provides for regulation on the matter but its enforcement is pretty lenient. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the legal, historical, and religious implications of triple talaq on women, a case study, and challenges in reforming Pakistan’s divorce laws. The methodology used is doctrinal which provides legal research approach used involves Islamic texts, Pakistani legal frameworks, and international precedents are emphasized. Besides this, comparative analysis with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and Jordan provides legal reforms that can be used to make policy changes in Pakistan. The result shows Triple talaq is a violation of women’s rights and creates financial instability, legal uncertainty, and social stigma. The recommendations are to change the Pakistani laws, make mediation obligatory, and education imparted about the Islamic procedure of divorce in communities. Strong legal protection with awareness and active involvement of religious scholars are dire needs to establish gender justice and marital fairness in Pakistan.

Exploring Practical Pathways for Sports to Facilitate Rural Revitalization

Zhang Wei — 2025-01-25

Under the strategy of rural revitalisation, sport has become a new engine for enhancing rural vitality, promoting residents' health and boosting economic diversification. However, how to effectively play the role of sports and explore the practical path that meets the reality of the countryside is the key at present. This study selects some typical villages in China, analyses their sports activities, facility construction, industry cultivation and other practice cases, and explores the specific role of sports in rural revitalization. Using literature, logical analysis and other methods, this study finds that sports play multiple roles in enhancing rural vitality, promoting residents' health and driving economic diversification. The role of sports can be effectively played through rational planning of facilities, enrichment of activity forms, and cultivation of sports industry. At the same time, suggestions such as strengthening policy guidance, promoting the integration of sports and rural tourism, and enhancing the cultural connotation of sports are put forward to provide new ideas and strategies for the comprehensive revitalisation of the countryside.

CPEC and Pakistan’s Debt Dynamics: Myth or Reality of a Debt Trap

Arsalan — 2025-01-26

This research evaluates the extent to which the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) contributes to Pakistan's debt Burden. It also assesses the extent to which the debt burden might be related to CPEC and aims to assess the validity of claims that CPEC is a major cause of Pakistan's rising debt. The study has a secondary aim to explore the underlying causes of Pakistan’s longstanding debt problem. CPEC, an important part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, is seen by some as a potential debt trap for Pakistan. However, the debt problems plaguing Pakistan predate CPEC and stem instead from a number of long-standing systemic issues—like stagnant economic growth, low revenue generation, and poor fiscal management. Despite the critique, CPEC has the potential to greatly improve Pakistan’s infrastructure, energy, and overall economic development. This qualitative research undertakes a longitudinal analysis of Pakistan's economic performance (2013-2023) and the debt profiling of CPEC projects. The study is primarily informed by data from international agencies and authorities that oversee CPEC. This is supplemented by a variety of secondary, scholarly, and otherwise-publicly-available resources. Results indicate that 80% of CPEC initiatives are equity-based, with a minimal burden of debt on the government. The financing modalities of grants, concessional loans, and private investments contradict the debt-trap narrative. The real problem is that Pakistan has a pre-existing economic structural problems like fiscal deficit, which has led it to debt trap. Pakistan needs to carry out fiscal reforms, improve governance, broaden the export base, and optimize the potential of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) to achieve sustainable development and solve its debt problems.

Abrogation of Article 370: Impacts on India Pakistan Relations

Hamza Rehman — 2025-01-26

This analysis examines the effects of the removal of Article 370 on India-Pakistan relations and identifies potential pathways for resolving the Kashmir conflict. The Indian government's decision to repeal Article 370 in August 2019, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, has significantly strained relations with Pakistan. This move has important implications for regional security, bilateral relations, and the potential for future cooperation between the two nations. The abrogation of Article 370 has escalated tensions, increased violations of the ceasefire, and negatively impacted the possibilities for dialogue. Pakistan has sought to internationalize the Kashmir conflict, while India maintains that it is an internal matter. To effectively address the Kashmir conflict and other bilateral issues, India and Pakistan need to engage in genuine, uninterrupted dialogue. Establishing effective conflict resolution mechanisms, such as mediation or arbitration, can help resolve disputes peacefully. Additionally, promoting regional cooperation and economic integration can reduce tensions and create an environment conducive to a peaceful resolution of conflicts. The international community should encourage and support efforts aimed at dialogue and conflict resolution while respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of both nations. By implementing these measures, India and Pakistan can work towards de-escalating tensions, resolving the Kashmir conflict, and promoting regional peace and stability.

Israel-Hamas conflict: Impacts on World Economy

Imman Batool — 2025-01-28

The focus of this article is on the economic consequences of the Israel-Hamas conflict, which include trade disruptions, energy price fluctuations, and regional turmoil. Besides destabilizing the Middle East, conflict that escalated in 2023 has had major adverse effects on global markets. Due to the strategic location of Gaza and Israel’s economic significance, the conflict has become a major factor in disrupting international trade. It is a mixed-method study of trade data, commodity prices, expert interviews, and qualitative evidence from geopolitics to identify direct and indirect effects on the economy. Rising global oil prices, trade disruptions, a decrease in foreign investments in the Middle East, inflation, and changes in global supply chains are all signs of instability. As a solution to these problems, the paper suggests that diplomatic efforts should be directed toward ending long-term peace and tension reduction while encouraging demand for energy supply and diversification across borders and industries. Additionally, building up international collaboration and investing in renewable energy can provide economic stability against ongoing geopolitical instability.

From Streets to Shelter: Challenges of Homeless Children in CPWB, Lahore

Ihtsham ul Haq — 2025-02-04

This study was led to seek out the Challenges and problems faced by homeless children in the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau CPWB, Lahore. For the present study, in-depth interviews were conducted by the researcher to examine the challenges faced by homeless children of the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau CPWB and the management of CPWB regarding accommodation, education and health of homeless children in CPWB. The sample of the research was comprised of 10 children of CPWB 5 males and 5 females. According to this study, most of the youngsters in the bureau had been dropped by their families. They leave their family due to their extremely vulnerable condition. The study recommended that the shelter services should extend to rural areas as well psychosocial services including therapeutic services should be given to children in order to cope traumatic experiences.

Information Operations: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Qaeda V.S. Islamic State (ISIS)

Abdul Hussain — 2025-02-05

This study focuses on each group’s utilization of information warfare regarding recruitment, radicalization, and influencing local and global populations. The paper identifies the strategic differences in their IO approaches. ISIS and Al-Qaeda have changed the global security landscape. The groups both utilize information operations to further their ideational, strategic, and even tactical goals. The qualitative analysis is conducted on primary secondary sources that include propaganda materials, social media campaigns, and expert reports. The content analysis and case studies are applied to analyze these groups’ information strategies. The results show that the scope of information operations differs; ISIS uses more aggressive and global media campaigns than Al-Qaeda, which uses more local and ideological zeal in its operations. Both remain good at using media for propaganda purposes. The information systems of Al-Qaeda and ISIS pose a great threat to humanity that should be taken seriously by the global powers.

Analysis of The Psychological Impact of Class Inequality on Individual Identity in Jamal Abro's Peerani

Bisma Hyder — 2025-02-05

The objective of this research is to investigate the social class conflict in Jamal Abro’s Peerani. The research is qualitative in nature and utilizes Marxism as a theoretical framework. Through its narrative the story tracks individuals who represent different economic levels to reveal how diverse backgrounds shape their dealings and objectives. Through Peerani the author presents conflicts that emerge from social stratification since this is a fictional village facing economic inequality. Through his storytelling Abro depicts the feelings of separation which people in bottom social groups face while showing the full costs of social class conflicts. Peerani demonstrates the urgent need for compassion and knowledge to address social class issues through its excellent presentation of unity and opposition alongside the pursuit of equality. The authors conclude by urging many voices to work together in restoring community solidarity and increasing awareness about the existing war based on social class.

Relationship between Social Anxiety, Academic Achievement and Quality of Life of Undergraduate Students of Pakistan

Muhammad Maaz — 2025-02-06

This paper studies the impact of social anxiety on quality of life and academic achievement of university students.Social anxiety is a prevalent psychological concern among young adults, significantly affecting their academic performance, social interactions, and overall quality of life, making it a crucial area of study in mental health and education. 484 undergraduate students (186 male, 149 female) aged 18-27 years, from public and private universities of Peshawar, Islamabad, and Karachi were surveyed using SIAS (Mattick & Clarke, 1989) and the WHOQOL-BREF (1995). Females outperformed male students academically. Social anxiety had a significant negative correlation with quality of life, but a non-significant negative correlation with GPA. Age, gender, family dynamics, and institutional differences had no significant relationship with social anxiety or quality of life. The findings highlight the need to address social anxiety to enhance young adults’ academic success, quality of life, societal contributions, and to guide effective healthcare and policy interventions.

Beyond the Classroom: Factors Driving the Shift to Home-Schooling

Sadaf Afreen — 2025-02-06

This study explores parental attitudes toward homeschooling in Pakistan’s twin cities, focusing on their experiences, motivations, and challenges. With increasing dissatisfaction with conventional schooling due to overcrowded classrooms, moral concerns, bullying, and rigid curricula, many parents opt for homeschooling. This study aims to understand the factors influencing this decision and its impact on children's education. A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed, with semi-structured interviews conducted with homeschooling parents. Thematic analysis identified key patterns and insights. Findings reveal that parents choose homeschooling for better academic outcomes, personality development, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, challenges include societal pressure and the demand for parental involvement. Raising awareness about homeschooling, providing parental support networks, and developing flexible policies can improve homeschooling experiences. Policymakers should recognize homeschooling as a viable educational model and offer guidance to ensure quality education while addressing parental concerns. Further research is needed to explore long-term academic and social impacts.

A Stylistic Analysis of Mohsin’s The Diary of a Social Butterfly

Eman Zahid — 2025-02-08

This research examines Moni Mohsin’s The Diary of a Social Butterfly through a stylistic lens while discussing how the novel uses satire to depict an upper-class Pakistani woman who interacts with Pakistani society through social events and modern cultural transformations making it an appealing research object for language study. The research focuses on the lexical and syntactic features of the novel based on Leech and Short’s (2007) model. Through the lexical analysis the writer demonstrates how Mohsin’s selects nouns along with adjectives and adverbs as well as verbs to create satirical elements within the novel. Through syntactic analysis this study examines declarative and interrogative and exclamatory sentence patterns of the text to understand their role in creating the protagonist voice and narrative style. Through his linguistic excellence Mohsin shows ability to create a socially influential text with aesthetic value. This research can be extended by analyzing phonetic and graphical components of text and also with comparisons of South Asian satirical literature.

Transforming Pediatric Leukemia Care: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing, Treating, and Optimizing Outcomes in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Ashish Shiwlani — 2025-02-09

Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, and due to its heterogeneity, careful diagnosis and treatment are required. AI and ML stand at the frontiers of clinical outcomes by positively affecting diagnosis, risk stratification, and chemotherapy selection. This systematic review assesses the role of AI and ML in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric ALL, specifically focusing on diagnostic accuracy, personalized treatment, and overcoming challenges such as drug resistance and data limitations. The review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and carried out literature searches on Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed using a focused search string. Of 979 initially screened articles, 50 were enlisted for review based on AI applications in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric ALL. Data extraction captured AI methodologies, performance metrics, and clinical outcomes of interest. AI-based models demonstrated better accuracy in diagnosis than traditional techniques. Deep learning models (including CNN, transformers) were shown to outperform traditional means for various applications such as flow cytometry-based identification of minimal residual disease, genomic biomarker analyses, and bone marrow biopsy interpretations. Optimization of chemotherapy using AI increased survival through dose selection and minimized toxicity through prediction of adverse events. Federated learning and explainable AI (XAI) became imperative paradigms enabling privacy preservation, data heterogeneity, and fostering clinician trust. The recommendations stress the need for the integration of AI-led predictive modeling, federated learning, and multi-institutional validation to improve clinical workflows, personalize treatment, and improve pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) outcomes.

Social Engineering Attacks in Pakistan: Analyzing the Weakest Link in Cyber Security

Shabana Kausar — 2025-02-10

This paper analyzes the prevalence, types, and root causes of social engineering attacks in Pakistan, emphasizing their implications. Researcher also proposed some possible solutions. In the era of rapid technological advancement, social engineering attacks have emerged as a significant cyber security challenge, particularly in countries like Pakistan undergoing swift digital transformation. Social engineering manipulates human vulnerabilities through techniques such as phishing, vishing, baiting, and pretexting, making individuals the focal point of exploitation rather than systems (NADRA. 2024). Researcher employed Doctrinal methodology and rely on research articles, books cases and online information available on websites. In Pakistan, the lack of cyber security awareness, digital illiteracy, weak organizational protocols, cultural tendencies toward trust, and an inconsistent legal framework have created a conducive environment for such attacks. The impacts are far-reaching, ranging from financial losses and data breaches to erosion of public trust and national security risks (FBR. 2021). Researcher suggest that to address this growing threat, the article recommends a multi-faceted approach, including cyber security awareness campaigns, digital literacy initiatives, strengthened organizational policies, technological solutions, and legal reforms. By fostering a culture of vigilance and resilience, Pakistan can mitigate these risks and safeguard its digital ecosystem.

Impact of Psychological Distress on Quality of Life, Self-Efficacy, and Emotional Intelligence among Female Teachers Serving in Government and Private Schools

Bisma Akhlaq — 2025-02-15

The core purpose of this study was to address the psychological anomalies preferably the level of psychological distress and its impact on the teacher’s quality of life, their self-efficacy and on the level of their emotional intelligence. This is an acknowledged fact that Psychological distress is a vital issue now a days prevailing among school teachers particularly among females. Persistent stress, workload, and lack of support contribute to emotional exhaustion and reduced professional effectiveness. This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design. Data was collected by using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Quality of life scale, Self-Efficacy scale, and emotional intelligence scale. The results revealed that the psychological distress significantly predicts each facet of the quality of life and the overall quality of life. This was also reported that psychological distress significantly and negatively predicts self-efficacy and emotional intelligence in both school types. On the basis of the findings this is suggested to the higher authorities to start prevention programmes to reduce the psychological distress of school teachers.

ESG Ratings and Firms’ Access to Finance: An International Perspective

Shahbaz ul Hassan Bhatti — 2025-02-15

This study investigates the impact of sustainability ratings on financial constraints among banks and other financial institutions using global data from 2010–2023. Integrating ESG into business models is crucial for sustainable development due to mounting regulatory pressures and responsible investors’ choices to direct funds towards responsible firms. The sustainable practices of financial institutions have implications not only for global environmental concerns but also for social and governance domains, which are inextricably interconnected. While existing research has focused on ESG ratings and financial performance, the specific connection between ESG and financial constraints has received limited attention. Given the intertwined nature of sustainability goals and financial implications, this study investigates the impact of sustainability ratings on financial constraints among banks. The study employs panel data regressions to analyze the relationship between ESG ratings and financial constraints A sub-sample analysis is also conducted to compare the effects between developed and developing economies. The findings reveal that an aggressive sustainability strategy results in lower financial constraints. The results are robust to alternative proxies of financial constraints and alternative regression estimators. This research provides a compelling case and a substantive argument for financial organizations to prioritize corporate sustainability considerations in their decision-making process.

A Practical Exploration of Precision Poverty Alleviation in Yunnan Province 2013-2020

Qu Qiumei — 2025-02-17

Yunnan Province is one of the main battlefields for poverty alleviation in China, as the border ethnic areas in Yunnan Province have deep poverty, slow income growth, low cultural quality, backward ideological concepts, huge expenses and significant challenges in reducing poverty. The specific poverty reduction efforts conducted in Yunnan Province between 2013 and 2020 are the subject of this paper's investigation. focusing on the causes of poverty, poverty alleviation policies and the effectiveness of poverty alleviation in Yunnan Province. This paper adopts the literature research method and field survey method to sort out the existing literature. Individual poor households in Yunnan Province were selected for household surveys to gain an in-depth understanding of the actual initiatives in Yunnan Province in terms of precision poverty alleviation and the results achieved. The study finds that Yunnan Province has achieved remarkable results in precision poverty alleviation from 2013 to 2020, but there are also many challenges and problems.

Understanding Behind Refusal to Autopsy in Road Traffic Cases in Lahore: A Perspective of Police Investigation Officer

Ahmad Raza — 2025-02-19

The study aims to explore the investigation officer’s understanding behind the refusal to medico-legal autopsies in fatal RTCs in Lahore, Pakistan. A medico-legal autopsy is conducted to find out the facts about the suspicious or unnatural death, such as the cause of death, estimated time, type, and number of injuries. Its report is essential admissible evidence. Many studies identified medico-legal autopsy as a cause of tension between the grieved family and investigation officers. This study used an exploratory research design to collect qualitative data. Purposive sampling (a type of non-probability sampling technique) was used to recruit 12 participant investigators from 6 police stations, who investigated at least one fatal RTC in Lahore, Punjab. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with a semi-structured interview guide from informants. Qualitative data was analyzed by using the thematic analysis technique. The study highlighted that in fatal RTCs, the majority of the bereaved families refused to allow a medico-legal autopsy. The religious ideology of the bereaved families is the main factor behind the refusal, followed by the humiliation of the dead body, lack of trust, procedural delay and extraction of body parts. Local politicians and high-ranking officers often compel the investigators to circumvent legal procedures. Court orders are the most common way used to prevent autopsy, while sometimes police have to face protests also. A comprehensive awareness campaign should be launched to aware people of the importance and impact of autopsy reports on the conviction.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): A Long-Term Sustainable Development Project, Challenges and Opportunities for Tourism Sector in Pakistan

Zaheer Ahmed — 2025-02-20

This study observes the challenges and opportunities existing by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) for the long-term sustainable development of Pakistan's tourism sector, concentrating on infrastructure enhancements, connectivity, and their possible impression on the industry. CPEC, a mega project increasing infrastructure and connectivity involving China and Pakistan, holds coznsiderable probable for changing Pakistan's tourism segment. However, challenges such as security troubles, insufficient infrastructure, ineffective marketing, and narrow access to tourist destinations hamper growth. Sustainable projects under CPEC aim to enhance the hotel industry and tourism infrastructure, contribution prospects for economic growth and cross-multicultural exchange. The study employs a qualitative method, evaluating existing literature, government reports, and stakeholder perspectives to assess CPEC's impact on Pakistan's tourism sector. CPEC's structure development can accelerate access to inaccessible and culturally rich regions, attracting diverse tourists. However, security and infrastructure gaps continue critical challenges. Coordinated efforts with government bodies, private businesses, and international partners are important to create a favorable environment for sustainable tourism growth in Pakistan.