Journal of Development and Social Sciences

The Motivation Behind Binge-Watching Practices: Impact on Health in Pakistan

Huda Akram — 2024-04-01

Many people like binge-watching. It means watching 2-4 episodes in one sitting. Various reasons have led young adults to binge-watch, which has grown very popular. This study's main objective is to check the effects of binge-watching on psychological and physical health. Under the theoretical framework of uses and gratifications, the researchers use a quantitative approach and convenient sampling techniques to collect data from all ages and genders in Pakistan. The online survey was conducted conveniently to collect the sample from the population. Focused on 300 participants, the study received 386 participants. The data indicates binge-watching is driven by Enjoyment, relaxation, escape from boring routines, diversion from stressful events, loneliness relief, parasocial contacts, and cliffhanging episodes. Results show Netflix is the most popular. Furthermore, results conclude that loss of control over content consumption, increased feelings of loneliness, disruption of a healthy sleep cycle, procrastination, and feeling stressed out or anxious are some health impacts that binge-watchers might face in the aftermath of binge-watching. Future Recommendations include the study being done with a qualitative technique for more in depth analysis of effects of binge watching on health.

Weak Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Compliance in the Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan: Recommendations for Improvement

Muhammad Yaqoob — 2024-04-01

This study identifies many areas of concern which affect the OHS implementations. A quantitative study was conducted through a survey questionnaire and filled out by 65 respondents. Relative Importance Index was employed to obtain the results. SPSS was used for analysis. The analysis of data revealed several key findings regarding factors influencing OHS compliance in SMEs in the construction sector. Significant determinants included the integration of safety training, the effectiveness of safety inspections, and peer influence. However, there was also a prevalent lack of awareness, insufficient implementation of safety measures, and inadequate safety training. Factors such as outdated equipment, poor working conditions, and limited resources further contributed to heightened occupational hazards. This research aims to provide the recommendations for improvement of OHS compliance in Pakistan's manufacturing industry for a safer and healthier work environment. Many people have to play a significant role in increasing the compliance in manufacturing sector whether it is workers or managers. Many hazards can be prevented by sticking to OHS regulations and maintaining the ergonomics and workers’ training.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Benefits and Challenges for Pakistan

Muhammad Nouman Ashraf Khan — 2024-04-01

This paper dissects prospects and difficulties for Pakistan at public and global levels for the making of mechanism to defeat the considerations of opponents. The researcher discusses outstanding features of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and efforts to analyses the opportunities and challenges coming along its way. The project was launched after Chinese President’s visit to Pakistan in 2015 and project has so far reaped significant economic, external and strategic benefits for Pakistan, but with the CPEC faces a number of challenges. In this research highlights the significance of the CPEC in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and focuses on the strategic significance of Gwadar port as well as the significance of the CPEC for both China-Pakistan that is providing the shortest connectivity to China with Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and onward to Europe. Moreover, it emphasizes on how distance will be abbreviated for oil transportation from Gulf to China and will empower Beijing to assume a significant part as a significant import and export corridor in the world. It additionally resolves the inquiry concerning the import/export imbalance among China and Pakistan and features that the CPEC will also boost the bilateral trade. In this research has utilized a descriptive, comparative, analytical, and qualitative, approaches, through Graham Allison “Rational Actor Model”. Secondary data has been analyzed through document analysis. Pakistan has to face both challenges and benefits at the same time. Furthermore, the study examines various segments of the development and prospects of the CPEC and questions the threat perception for the game changer project the CPEC and how Pakistan can handle these threats. The role of international players to destabilize CPEC is also the burning question of the time that needs to be dealt with iron hands. This study will be useful for policy makers, diplomats and researchers.

Unveiling Climate Consciousness: Assessing Perceptions based on Social Media and Mass Communication Strategies among Balochistan University Students

Omer Shujat Bhatti — 2024-04-01

Climate change transformed Pakistan into 5th most vulnerable nation across globe facing threats of food and water scarcity, increased flooding, extreme heat, more disease, and economic loss. Balochistan is its largest province and challenges are multifold. In order to face these, role of mass communication and social media is vital and needs exploration to evaluate and improve. Climate change forced major threat across Pakistan. Quetta as capital of Baloshistan acts as hub of educational institutions. Hence sensitization amongst students needed exploration to identify gaps and future strategies. Online questionnaires using purposive sampling method was used to collect data from three universities during COVID19 pandemic. Major of the respondents were aware of climate change, its causes, its impacts and role of media was acknowledged to be critical for future mass scale sensitization. Future strategies must incorporate social media and digital means in social and public sensitization.

Maternal Mortality in Pakistan: The Potential Role of Community Midwives

Shaista Naz — 2024-04-01

Current study explored the potential role of Community Midwives (CMWs) in maternal mortality in Pakistan. For this, qualitative research method was employed and data were collected through key informant interviews from 384 respondents including CMWs, healthcare providers like doctors, and expectant mothers. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis. It was found that CMWs are playing pivotal role in five main categories including antenatal care services, postnatal care services, skilled birth assistance, family planning counselling and services, and health promotion and education. CMWs potential role resulted in increased maternal healthcare utilization and improved health outcomes for expectant mothers in their respective communities. However, the issue of maternal mortality is still prevailing in the country. Therefore, there is a need for more comprehensive role of CMWs which may be attained through more specific research towards identification and address of the constraints of the midwifery program.

Work Life Balance and Job Satisfaction as Functions of Work Stress in Employees during Covid-19

Rabia Mushtaq — 2024-04-01

The present study was aimed at finding the predictive relationship between workplace stress, work life balance and job satisfaction among employees during Covid-19. After literature review following hypotheses were made, Work life balance would be significantly predicted by workplace stress in employees; Job satisfaction would be significantly predicted by workplace stress in employees; There would be gender differences in the scores of workplace stress and work life balance in employees. The sudden outbreak of pandemic ocvid-19 posed a lot of health and psychosocial challenges. The era of Work-from home, not only changed employee’s workplace but also their life styles were impacted in terms of managing work life from personal space. It also lead to attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. By using a purposive sampling strategy, 60 employees of public and private sector organizations were recruited from Karachi, Pakistan. The sample included employees from diverse range of industries and professions and from mid to senior level. In order to check these hypotheses, standardized measures of Work place stress scale, Work life balance self-assessment questionnaire and job satisfaction scale were employed along with a demographic data sheet. Findings revealed a significant relationship between work place stress and work life balance [r=.674; R2=.455, F (1, 58) = 48.389, p<.001]. Gender differences revealed more work place stress experienced by women and also the work life balance was poorer in them. Following the empirical study, we found that a state of balance between professional and personal life generates satisfaction, a higher degree of work stress, decreased performance, and reduced employees’ job satisfaction.

Impact of Despotic and Autocratic Leadership on Employees’ Deviant Behavior, with the Moderation of Perceived Organizational Justice

Nayyab Khizer — 2024-04-01

The present study investigates the impact of autocratic and despotic leadership styles on employees’ deviant behavior, with the moderating effect of perceived organizational justice. In the realm of research, there exists significant concern regarding the influence of despotic and autocratic leadership styles on employees' deviant behavior, particularly within service-oriented industries such as banking and educational institutions. Therefore, this study helps to understand how these leadership styles may affect deviant behavior among employees. This study used a quantitative survey-based research methodology, Data was collected from 356 employees of different banks and universities in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore. The findings show a positive and significant effects of autocratic and despotic leadership styles on employees’ deviant behavior. Results also indicate that the relationship between autocratic leadership and employees' deviant behavior is moderated by perceived organizational justice. Future researchers should explore different industries, use multi-source data, and different mediators in the relationship between negative leadership styles and deviant behavior for a diversified sample size.

Academic Usage of Social Media by University Students in Pakistan: Merits, Demerits and Challenges

Irem Sultana — 2024-04-01

The current study is to assess the social media usage for academic purpose by university students in Pakistan and its benefits, advantages, drawbacks, shortcomings, disadvantages as well as challenges for social networking sites in Pakistan. The country is facing bans on social media sites which is harming the right of freedom of expression of the society. Keeping in considerations all these challenges and situations the study is designed to do by using the survey technique and opinion of 200 hundred students from different universities was collected on the phenomenon as well as the data for commanding the social media by authorities was qualitatively analyzed. The conceptual framework was set in line to uses and gratification theory and examined accordingly. The study concludes that academic accomplishments by social media were increased in recent years but still social media is used for entertainment purpose at large and suggested that no social media forum should be banned.

Income and Expenditure Relationship in Local Municipalities: A Case Study of Sindh Province

Jhaman Das Hirani — 2024-04-01

This research paper examines the effect of income over expenditures in local municipalities of Sindh. The major income sources are provincial grants and local revenue generated through local taxes and bills. The relationship between income and expenditure is analyzed through Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Fixed Effect Method (FEM) using time series data (for years 2014-2023) and panel data includes time and entities. The results reveal a significant positive effect of income on expenditure. The relationship shows that expenditure increases more than income both individually and collectively. Surprisingly, these local municipalities do not default despite higher expenditure than income as per relationship. However, the income estimate of both time series and panel data estimation method is larger than unity value. This could be because expenditures on municipal services are investments which return in the form of income. This relationship may be exploited and upscaled to increase local income of municipalities.

A Socio-Economic and Environmental Interpretation of Barkat Market Lahore through Urban Acupuncture

Faiqa Khan — 2024-04-01

The study is focused on the application of Urban Acupuncture in revitalizing the degenerated areas particularly for the economic sustainability. This technique is used globally for the revitalization of market squares by implanting the small economic interventions and excluding the negative spots through planning. The study also examines an area's productivity after implementing a few treatments at key spots in an urban square, with the goal of maximizing the advantages of urban acupuncture in a city like Lahore. The methodology adopted is the application of Urban Acupuncture (bottom-up approach) principles including accessibility, permeability, pluralism, inclusivity and interdisciplinary innovation. This research concluded the regeneration model for the uplifting of Barkat Market square with innovative solutions to revamp the whole design of the area. The recommendation strategy proposed the design solutions for entry and exit into the market in addition to the parking spaces with inbuilt security and safety for the users.

Reversed Gender Roles and Linguistic Choices: A Transitivity Analysis of Gender Disparities in Ali’s The Stone Woman

Behzad Anwar — 2024-04-01

The present study is a critique of the language used in a literary text i.e., The Stone Woman (2000) written by Tariq Ali, a famous Pakistani-British writer in order to find out gender disparities through transitivity analysis. For the purpose two characters, Nilofer and Selim, the female and male participants of romance scenes are selected. Following a mixed method approach, the study has collected fifty clauses as sample through purposive sampling. The greater number of clauses i.e., thirty clauses used to represent the female while the lesser number i.e., twenty clauses for the male show a biased attitude of the writer. The analysis shows that the female is described through a maximum use of all the four identified types of clauses: fifty-eight percent material, sixty percent mental, sixty-seven percent behavioral and sixty-seven percent verbal. In comparison to this the clauses used to describe the male appear with lesser frequency: forty-two percent material, forty percent mental, and thirty-three percent behavioral and verbal each. Moreover, the allocation of the participants’ roles with power and authority are mostly reserved for the female: fifty-eight percent actor ,sixty percent senser , sixty-seven percent sayer while the male is shown less active through maximum fifty-nine percent goal and sixty seven percent receiver roles. The findings of the study clearly show that Nilofer is more dominant and authoritative in the romance scenes as compared to Selim who is reluctant and acts only when he is encouraged by the female. Hence, the study finds that the traditionally reserved gender roles are reversed in Ali’s The Stone Woman.

Emerging Paradigms of Governance: Analysis of the Changing Governance Landscape in Pakistan

Sadia Malik — 2024-04-01

This study focuses on the contemporary paradigms of governance and its applicability for public sector, comprising on the evolution of paradigmatic governance and Pakistan’s historical contribution to adopt these governance approaches. As governance has become a popular jargon in governmental affairs and political process. With the development of globalized world and the emergence of new technologies, countries like Pakistan is endeavoring to modernize their institutions and governance mechanism to confront complex challenges. This study utilized qualitative approach by reviewing secondary sources. Our general conclusion draws on theoretical description of governance approaches. Thus, it can be stated that these emerging paradigms are the new doors of governance that provide efficient public service delivery, responsive and transparent bureaucracy and also improve the efficiency in resource management. It is recommended that there is the necessity of applying administrative reforms including new form of institutional structures, collaborative policy networks and contemporary governance paradigms within the state.

Parents’ Involvement Versus Children’s Academic Achievement: A Correlational Study of Secondary School Level in Dera Ghazi Khan

Samina Naz — 2024-04-01

The main objective of the study was to investigate the correlation between academic achievement of secondary-level students’ and parents’ involvement. A simple random sampling technique was used, 420 government girls' secondary school students selected from 10th grade. The academic performance of the students was assessed based on the results of three subject tests, while data on parents' involvement was gathered through a questionnaire. The findings indicated an adequate, noteworthy, and effective correlation between the academic achievement of the children and their parents' involvement. Research indicates that children may struggle academically and fall short of their educational objectives without support in academic pursuits and parental encouragement. In light of these conclusions, the research suggests the implementation of regularly scheduled Parent-Teacher Association meetings throughout the academic year.

Perception of Health Risks and Strategies for Mitigation among Male and Female Users of Cosmetics in the District of Kasur

Fahad Zakir — 2024-04-01

The core purpose of this study was to understand the awareness about possible health risks and usages of cosmetics among males and females in District Kasur. The main objectives of the present research were to explore awareness about possible health risks associated with the use of cosmetics, to identify the reason for risk-taking and using cosmetics (makeup) among cosmetic users and explore the risk mitigation practices among cosmetic users (male/female) in Kasur City. In this study, researchers strongly discourage the use of these harmful cosmetics that always brings some problems to most of the users leading to unsettled economic balance to women as most of them are working all over the day and spending almost half of what they earn on beauty. The data collected through the interview. Data were analyzed thematically and the sample size was (8) participants of females and males aged between 18 to 32 years old. The result of the present study showed that 8 participants out of 12 were unaware of cosmetics health risk and their usages. The researchers highly advise against using dangerous cosmetics because of the imbalance in women's economic stability that they generate in many users, as well as other reoccurring concerns.

An Empirical Investigation of Nurses’ Knowledge regarding the Management of Psychiatric Patients in Emergency Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

Sidra Shumshir Ali — 2024-04-01

The Emergency Department is a fast-paced setting where nurses must deal with crucial situations such as psychologically disturbed patients. Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate the knowledge of nurses to manage psychiatric patients in the emergency unit of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. A descriptive-analytic design was conducted from January 21, 2023, to March 15 2023 at an emergency unit in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The study instrument was designed to meet the objectives of the current study, which consists of two parts: the first part includes the demographical data for nurses; the second part includes the knowledge management Scale 32 items (KMS). The study shows nurses have a good level of knowledge of items related to knowledge about the treatment of psychiatric disorders at the emergency unit as seen among 89.4%. The study concluded that most nurses have a good level of knowledge ' about the treatment of psychiatric disorders at emergency units. Training and counselling sessions of nurses should be conducted to manage the psychiatric patients effectively.

Modernization in Pakistani Dramas and its Influence on the Youth: A Case Study of Lahore Youth

Usman Umer — 2024-04-01

This study explores the influence of Pakistani dramas on Lahore's youth, specifically university students, recognizing their significant role in shaping cultural perceptions and behaviors. It is essential to understand this impact to assess the broader societal implications of these dramas. Using a sample of 100 university students in Lahore selected through simple random sampling, the study collected data via questionnaire and analyzed it using SPSS. The Social Learning Theory and Cultivation of Media framework were applied to the data analysis. The findings suggest that Pakistani youths, particularly females, are highly receptive to the lifestyles and cultures depicted in modern television dramas, impacting the social and cultural landscape of society. This study underscores the significant influence of Pakistani television dramas on youth, prompting the adoption of cultural and lifestyle elements portrayed in these dramas. Future research could delve into additional dimensions of television dramas to deepen our understanding of their societal impact.

Mediating Effect of Coping Strategies in the Relationship between Gratitude and Life Satisfaction among Professionals

Uzma Sarwar — 2024-04-01

The present study investigated the relationship between gratitude, coping strategies and satisfaction with life, moreover, mediating role of coping strategies was also investigated. For this purpose, a sample of 300 professionals (doctors, bankers, teachers) were recruited from private and government sectors. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit samples, cross-sectional design was used in this research. The Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough & Emmons, 2002), Coping strategy scale (Grych, Hamby & Banyard, 2013) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons & Griffin, 1985) were used to investigate the study variables. Statistical analysis revealed that gratitude had a positive relationship with coping skills and satisfaction with life, moreover, coping skills had significant positive relationship with satisfaction of life. It was also elucidated that coping strategies were mediating the relationship between gratitude and satisfactions of life. Maintaining a connection between gratitude and coping may propose fresh avenues for studies on gratitude approaches. Results of one study can be calculated in the creation of intervention and solutions based primarily on the usage of coping mechanisms that aim not only to alleviate tension but also to improve satisfaction with life in higher professionals.

The Geopolitical Dynamics of Pakistan's Energy Sector: A Comprehensive Analysis

Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari — 2024-04-02

This study conducts an in-depth geopolitical analysis of Pakistan's energy sector, focusing on the intricate connections between resource dependency, regional energy dynamics, and security imperatives. Through extensive literature reviews and advanced data analysis, it examines policy frameworks, socio-economic impacts, and future projections. The research reveals the significant influence of these factors on shaping Pakistan's energy policies and its global standing. Drawing from insights in political science and international relations, the study offers strategic recommendations to strengthen Pakistan's energy security. It emphasizes the need for proactive measures to navigate evolving global power dynamics and geopolitical challenges. The recommendations underscore the importance of ensuring sustainable energy access for Pakistan while navigating complexities in the international energy landscape. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and analysts to enhance Pakistan's resilience and strategic positioning in the energy sector amidst changing geopolitical realities.

Role of Parental Neglect in Shaping Resilience Among Individuals with Substance Use Disorder

Ayesha Ali — 2024-04-05

The present study was conducted to observe the parental neglect and resilience among substance use disorder and their difference with general population. The total number of sample 280, with age range of 19-40 years. The data were collected through purposive sampling from rehabilitation center of district Faisalabad. Demographic sheet were used to get personal information about the participant. Drug abuse screening tests, Parental acceptance rejection questionnaire, Corner Davidson resilience scale Urdu versions were used. Results showed score of substance users on parental neglect and resilience are higher as compared to general population. The result showed that there is positive correlation between parental neglect and substance use disorder. Significant negative correlation among resilience and substance use disorder. By understanding how resilience can act as a protective factor, mental health professionals can design interventions to foster resilience and mitigate the negative effects of prenatal neglect on substance use disorder.

Impact of Corporate Governance on Working Capital of Cement Companies of Pakistan

Awais Ashraf — 2024-04-06

This research investigates the influence of corporate governance on working capital management within the cement industry of Pakistan. The sample included 13 cement companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Data from year 2019 to 2023 is used in this study. This study employs quantitative analysis to examine the relationship between corporate governance variables, such as board size, internal audit team size, CEO duality and external audit quality. Elements of Working Capital Management (WCM) include accounts payable turnover, inventory turnover, and accounts receivable turnover. The results of the study revealed that audit quality and internal audit team size are the key elements of Corporate Governance (CG) affecting receivable turnover period. The result revealed more staffed internal audit team leads to lower receivable turnover in days. While higher external audit quality also leads to lower receivable turnover days. Similarly, internal audit team size is significant in effecting inventory turnover in the cement industry of Pakistan. More staffed internal audit lead in crucial in identifying weakness in the inventory management leading to lower inventory turnover period.

Herd Investing in Pakistani Stock Market: Evidence from Pakistan’s Stock Market Using Data of More Than Three Decades

Abida Perveen — 2024-04-07

To contribute to the inconclusive existing literature about presence of herd-investing behavior in Pakistani stock market, this study utilizes non-linear regression approach introduced by Chang et al. (2000) to analyze investors' herding behavior in Pakistani stock investors and whether it varies during extreme market conditions. The study finds a symmetric and significant correlated trading behavior, both during bullish and bearish market conditions, among Pakistani stock investors, though the static herding behavior is absent at the full sample level. In addition, the herding behavior persists not only during the global financial crisis but also during COVID-19 pandemic, albeit more prominently during the former. The analysis of study also reveals a symmetric and significant correlated trading behavior during both lockdown and post-lockdown periods of COVID-19. These findings imply that Pakistani stock investors comprehend herding patterns in crafting efficient and proactive investment strategies to maximize portfolio diversification advantages, particularly during extreme market conditions.

Rural Women's Constraints of Socioeconomics and Income-Generating Activities: The Case of Larkana District

Inayatullah Magsi — 2024-04-07

This study aims to understand the income-generating activities and the challenges faced by women in district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Women, considered a vulnerable group, encounter various challenges in their daily activities, particularly in income generation. Despite this, there is limited understanding of their economic engagement in rural areas. This quantitative, descriptive study utilized a multistage sampling technique to collect data from 384 participants in three sub-districts of Larkana. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings indicate a lack of high qualifications among participants, with 40% being illiterate. Over sixty percent reside in Kacha houses, indicative of a weak socio-economic status. Despite this, rural Sindh women exhibit independence in marital decision-making. However, opportunities for livelihood work are limited, with most engaged in home-based embroidery during non-agricultural seasons. Significant portions of their income are allocated to basic necessities, revealing financial strain. To alleviate the challenges faced by rural women, interventions focusing on education, skill development, and economic empowerment are essential. Furthermore, policies promoting equal opportunities and addressing socio-economic disparities are warranted.

A Sociological Evaluation of Financial Issues of Litigants with Reference to the Impediments in Access to the Justice

Muhammad Kamil Lakho — 2024-04-07

This study aimed to assess the financial barriers hindering access to justice from a sociological and socio-legal standpoint. Conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, this quantitative, descriptive, and exploratory study surveyed 547 litigants in district courts using purposive sampling. Data were collected via a Likert scale survey and analyzed using SPSS software. The research revealed a significant correlation between financial challenges and access to justice, indicating that financial constraints impede justice accessibility. It also found a noteworthy relationship between access to justice and sources of income, as well as higher court process expenses affecting access. The study linked lawyer fees to other litigation expenses and highlighted a positive correlation between stress levels and access-to-justice costs. Addressing financial barriers and reducing court expenses can enhance access to justice, necessitating policy reforms and support mechanisms to mitigate financial burdens on litigants.

Second-Round Effects of Energy Inflation in Manufacturing Sector: An Evidence for Pakistan

Chanda Arshad — 2024-04-09

Manufacturing is considered to be the backbone of social and economic development worldwide. The issue of energy inflation has become a major macroeconomic concern for many sectors, including manufacturing. This study examines Pakistan's manufacturing sector specifically to determine how second-round energy inflation affects its operations. Further, the study aims to determine the impact of macroeconomic indicators on manufacturing value-added (MVA) including inflation reverts. In this study, manufacturing value-added is used as a dependent indicator, while energy inflation (EI), core inflation (CI), political instability (PI), real interest rate (RIR), and financial development (FD) are independent indicators for the period 1991 to 2020. This study uses the gap model for capturing the variation or second round in inflation and the autoregressive distributive lagged model for individual long-run_ and short-run impacts on manufacturing value-added growth. Based on the gap model, results show the huge presence of second-round effects of energy inflation in Pakistan. ARDL results show that energy inflation, core inflation, financial development, and political instability all affect manufacturing value-added significantly excluding real interest rates. This research also helps the Pak government to promote energy efficiency and adoption of energy-saving technologies in the manufacturing sector. Companies can reduce their dependency on fuel and mitigate the impact of energy price fluctuations. This study helps to stabilize manufacturing costs and improve competitiveness, ultimately contributing to the growth of manufacturing value-added in Pakistan.

Trade with Central Asian Republics: Banking Sector Policy Option for Pakistan

Raja Adnan Razzaq — 2024-04-09

The study endeavors to explore policies and procedures related to banking which are hindering Pakistan’s trade with Central Asia (CA) and to find solution for these problems. The methodology used has conducted secondary analysis of relevant literature, qualitative data collection in the form of qualitative interviews and content analysis of policy documents. The study found that besides trade complementarity there is huge trade potential between the economies of CA and Pakistan. It also found out that with most CA countries this potential is being missed by Pakistan. Reason for this loss is gaps in banking policy of Pakistan. Study recommends a plan be implemented by SBP; that solves the LC opening and implementation problems being faced by traders of Pakistan, for all the CA countries. It also recommends private banks should be incentivized by the SBP to open and operate branches in CA countries.

Understanding Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities

Mahnoor Mansoor — 2024-04-10

Understanding Pakistan’s foreign policy is a herculean task because Pakistan has a diverse kind of country in its geostrategic and geoeconomic circumstances. This chapter will explain the theoretical and operational understanding of Pakistan’s foreign policy framework in the contemporary world. Pakistan’s geostrategic conditions are challenging and lucrative at the same time. Three nuclear powers surround it: China, India, and Russia. The fourth nuclear power is Pakistan, which is in the region. Iran, the fifth nuclear power, is in the making. Therefore, Pakistan is balancing its relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia, as an extremely Shia country and as a Sunni country, respectively. China is a communist, and the US is a democratic country, but Pakistan’s foreign policy is based on mutual interests and peaceful co-existence. The qualitative method would mainly be used to test this research’s hypothesis based on Pakistan’s ability to sustain itself in the comity of a nation as a soft power and peaceful country instead of a warmonger in the region. The consolidation in the form of recommendations will also be included at the end.

Optimizing Water Resource Governance for Sustainable Agricultural and Hydroelectric Development in Pakistan: An In-Depth Examination and Policy Prescriptions

Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari — 2024-04-13

This paper scrutinizes Pakistan's acute water scarcity issues driven by population growth, diminishing supply, and recurrent droughts exacerbated by meteorological phenomena like La Nina. Regions such as Baluchistan and Sindh face severe water stress, jeopardizing livelihoods and potentially precipitating internal displacement, necessitating immediate and decisive governmental action. The absence of a coherent national water policy further complicates challenges in water storage, irrigation, and inter-provincial relations, potentially straining political dynamics. Through a comprehensive evaluation of Pakistan's water resources, this study identifies critical imperatives requiring urgent attention from policymakers. Proposed recommendations advocate for the development and implementation of a robust national water policy, strategic investments in modernized storage and irrigation infrastructure, promotion of water conservation initiatives, fostering inter-provincial collaboration, and the pursuit of cutting-edge sustainable water technologies. The successful execution of these measures would not only optimize water resource management but also underscore the government's commitment to ensuring national stability and prosperity amidst challenging environmental conditions.

Empowering Communities for Safer Roads: A Study of Road Safety Campaigns in Punjab

Syed Imran Ahmad Shah — 2024-04-14

Every year, millions of lives are lost or affected by road accidents, prompting governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to launch road safety campaigns aimed at raising awareness, educating road users, and promoting safer behaviors. In this context present research article aims to provide a detailed analysis of the impact of road safety campaigns on road users. Therefore, present study used a questionnaire as a data collection tool, random sampling, and a descriptive research design. This study offered important insights on the efficiency of road safety campaigns in encouraging safer behaviors among drivers. On the bases of the findings of the study, using behavioral insights, implementing creative communication techniques, improving stakeholder engagement, and including road safety education into curriculum are a few possible recommendations. Moreover, this research attempted to make a significant and long-lasting contribution to the field of road safety by a thorough analysis of the effects of road safety initiatives on road users.

The Implications of Expanding China-US Political and Strategic Influence in the Asia Pacific

Mariam Tahir — 2024-04-17

This study explore the key elements shaping China-US expanding political and strategic influence in the Asia Pacific region and to understand the role and contributions of China in Asia Pacific. It is in the human nature and most anticipated human instinct to desire for accumulating, retaining and demonstrating power. Similar is the history of the nations and empires and now the states that there exists an environment of competition and struggle for power in the international arena. It is in the nature of the superpowers to resist any power that challenges its might. US and China, the two mighty major powers are engaged in a similar balance of power. Most of the theatre of their competition has been the Asia Pacific, where China enjoys significant influence and demonstrates considerable power. In order to understand the interests of China and US in the Asia Pacific and the impact of the given interests on the other countries as well as on the institutions, the given research is designed in a descriptive and explorative manner focusing specially on the deductive method of reasoning. The assessment of the United States long-term strategic rivalry and competition with China involves tactics of making alliances with its partners alongside their resources, strength, and capabilities to counter the rise of China. The AUKUS, a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, provides nuclear-powered submarines to Australia and collaboration in multiple military capabilities which includes quantum technologies, information sharing, artificial intelligence, innovation electric warfare domain, and hypersonic and counter hypersonic.

Tailoring Shadow Education: Leveraging ChatGPT to Transform Private Tutoring Landscape to Optimized Performance of Students

Samra Afzal — 2024-04-18

The present research was intended to investigate the ChatGPT role as a private tutor in the context of its significance and effect on students' satisfaction and academic performance. The advent of technological innovations like ChatGPT and AI tools has changed the panorama of globally expanding private tutoring through the integration of AI tools. A quantitative research approach along with a descriptive research method was designed to accomplish the present research. A total of 151 university students were sample of research, selected through a simple random sampling technique. Results displayed that students were agreed about ChatGPT as a private tutor in the context of effectiveness, active engagement, personalized guidance, positive interaction, constructive feedback, integration, recommendations, and user interface. ChatGPT as a private tutor has significant effect on students' satisfaction with positive relationship. Students may be provided training in the use of AI tools like ChatGPT for private tutoring. Program developers of AI may address potential biases, challenges and misuse of AI applications in education.

The Moderating Effect of Greenwashing between Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Green Brand Association: A Study of Pakistani Fashion Brand applying the NRBV

Saif Ur Rehman — 2024-04-19

This study examined how environmental greenwashing moderates the link between "green supply chain management" (GSCM) practices and green brand association. Using the natural resource-based (NRBV), this research creates a model to better understand GSCMP and GBA fashion brand in Pakistan. This study included fashion brand customers, selected using nonprobability purposive sampling. The cross-sectional study included 15 fashion brand mall customers from six of Pakistan's largest cities: Bahawalpur, Islamabad, Multan, Faisalabad, Karachi, and Lahore. The study used 446 responses. Statistics were done using SPSS and "SmartPLS partial least square, structural equation modelling" (PLS-SEM). A structural model was developed to test hypotheses. The proposed GSCMPs correlated to GBA. GW's negative moderation affects between GBP and GBA significantly. GBD and GBA are negatively moderated by GW. Managers and policymakers should heed current studies to achieve green brand association. First empirical study to use NRBV framework with GW as a moderator.

Navigating the Interplay of Assertiveness and Job Satisfaction in Teaching at Universities

Syeda Tehmina Naz Bukhari — 2024-04-21

The main focus of the current study was to examine the relationship between assertiveness and job satisfaction among teachers in public sector universities. Assertiveness, an important part of effective communication, was hypothesized to positively impact job satisfaction, especially in academia, where the communication patterns are complex. A descriptive correlational research design was employed by utilizing a Assertiveness Scale (RAS) and the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) to 219 teachers randomly selected from universities in Punjab, Pakistan. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, ANOVA, Z scores, and regression analyses. The research findings indicated a highly significant positive association between assertiveness and job satisfaction. Since, instructors who possess a greater level of assertiveness have a better degree of work satisfaction at work. Universities should organize training programs to enhance assertiveness, conflict resolution techniques, and communication strategies among teachers to promote their overall satisfaction at the workplace.

Young Women’s Changing Attitudes towards Privacy in Blogging with Age and Experience in Pakistan

Komal Masood — 2024-04-21

The purpose of this study was to find out the changing perception of privacy in blog writing among young women. The growth in social media and the number of web pages, and blogs evolved from online diaries and journals in the mid-90s. People preferably started using blogs to publish regular updates about their personal lives, thoughts, and social commentary. The researcher explored the perception of women on privacy through a questionnaire by using a descriptive research design. The data was collected from 171 young women and results revealed that women in the age range 27-31 show more concern about privacy and women with 7 years and more blog writing experience are more concerned about privacy in blog writing. It concluded that women with more age and more experience in blog writing are aware of privacy concerns as compared to younger ones. Further studies can focus on parameters to manage privacy concerns in blog writing

Post 9/11 Pakistan China Counter Terrorism Engagements: Challenges and Prospects

Muhammad Ahmad — 2024-04-21

The 9/11 attacks exposed unique elements that left an enormous effect on Pakistan. Despite having an excellent track record historically, Sino-Pak ties overwhelmingly dominated by counter terrorism phenomenon. Pakistan was under attack from the virulent and deadly wave of terrorism. Similarly, China's Western border, which separates the turbulent region from the province of Xinjiang, was a major source of concern for the country. Furthermore, Beijing was concerned about the safety of its assets across a number of nations, particularly in Pakistan. Due to these consequences, Pakistan and China started working together to combat terrorism. The current study aims to evaluate Pakistan China counter terrorism partnership includes with challenges and future prospects. The study adopted a qualitative methodology and used primary and secondary sources of information. The findings reveal that Pak-China efficient counter terrorism engagements have helped to reduce the terrorist activities, and still hold potential to secure geopolitical, economic and security benefits.