Journal of Development and Social Sciences

Cyber Warfare and Digital Competition between US and Russia: A Comparative Analysis Cyber Policies and Strategies

2026-01-17T14:37:06+05:00

The objective of this Study is to relatively examine the cyber warfare strategies and virtual competition policies of the United States and Russia. It aims to focus on comparative analysis of cyber policies and strategic intentions shaping their cyber techniques.Cyber warfare has emerged as a vital domain of present day international security and power opposition. Both America and Russia view cyberspace as a strategic area for influence, deterrence, and war without conventional conflict. Their cyber strategy is vital to assess worldwide digital security dynamics and geopolitical balance.This study adopts a qualitative comparative analysis primarily based on secondary Sources, such as policy documentsUS, legit reviews, and scholarly literature.The findings reveal that the USA emphasizes protecting resilience and international norms, even as Russia makes a speciality of offensive cyber skills and data struggle. Both countries actively combine cyber equipment into their broader country wide protection strategies.The study recommends strengthening worldwide cyber norms, enhancing cooperation on cyber security, and selling self belief building measures to reduce escalation dangers.

Encountering Reverse Culture Shock: A Study on Returnee Faculty Members in Universities of Balochistan, Pakistan

2026-01-21T13:14:16+05:00

The study explores the challenges that returnees face at universities in reverse culture shock, role of supervisors’ support and the over all impact on job satisfaction and turnover intentions of the returning faculty members. Returnee-faculty of universities tend to leave their institutions and intend to find a better job after completing their foreign degree. This creates problems for universities in Pakistan regarding retaining employees after completion of their degrees abroad. This quantitative research is based on survey data, collected from 160 respondents. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect the data and was analyzed using PLS-SEM technique. Results indicated that the reverse culture shock faced by the returnee-faculty of universities of Baluchistan has a negative impact on job satisfaction and a positive impact on their turnover intentions. However, perceived managerial support does not impact the relationship between reverse culture shock-job satisfaction and reverse culture shock-turnover intention relationships. The findings suggest that the repatriation process of faculty returning after completing degrees from other counties should be made more compatible with the professional and intellectual needs of these faculty members, so that the employee turnover rate in Universities in Pakistan could be reduced.

Irrational Thinking and Social Anxiety Inadults: The Mediating Role of Self Esteem

2026-01-22T12:39:58+05:00

This study aimed to examine irrational thinking as a belief-level cognitive vulnerability underlying social anxiety in adults, with specific focus on social-evaluative fear. Social anxiety is characterized by fear of negative evaluation and avoidance of social situations, and while cognitive theories emphasize maladaptive appraisals, belief-based vulnerabilities remain underexplored. Using a quantitative cross-sectional correlational design, data were collected from 300 university students aged 20–39 years at the University of Technology. Participants completed standardized self-report measures assessing irrational thinking and social anxiety. Pearson correlation and regression analyses were conducted to examine associations and predictive relationships. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between irrational thinking and social anxiety, with irrational beliefs significantly predicting social anxiety symptoms. Rigid, absolutistic, and catastrophic belief patterns were particularly influential. These findings support belief-based cognitive models and suggest that interventions should target irrational thinking to prevent and reduce social anxiety

The Impact of Money Laundering on Pakistan’s Economic Growth: A Critical Analysis

2026-01-23T16:32:22+05:00

This paper examins the impact of Money laundering on economic growth of Pakistan and the role of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on financial expansion of Pakistan. The processes of money laundering are endangering the economic stability of an economic system by ruining the trust of the potential investor and facilitating a way of transferring money illegally by using non-banking fiscal institutions and transfer of properties and goods. Consequently, the qualitative approach was employed in this research, and the findings were made up of the information gathered with the help of various resources such as journals, internet resources, books, and research papers, all of which also served as secondary sources. The effects that money laundering has had on the economy of Pakistan are not limited to foreign capital, reduced tax revenue, increased degree of corruption as well as the decline of trust and confidence of people on the financial base but the research underlines the significance of fiscal transparency as a motivating factor to legitimate investments in appropriate trade. Some of the recommendations that were formulated during this study were to strengthen anti-money laundering (AML) legislation that runs artificial intelligence, create a due diligence system on client, establish special courts that run anti-money laundering, and sensitization that complies with the requirements of FATF to effected implementation.

Shackled Words Seeking Transcendence: A Postcolonial Existential Feminist Analysis of Faiqa Mansab’s Sufi Storyteller

2026-02-02T19:34:19+05:00

This study analyzes Faiqa Mansab’s The Sufi Storyteller through the theoretical lens of Postcolonial Existential Feminism. The Sufi Storyteller foregrounds feminine characters, vanquished by oppressive patriarchal society and post-colonial legacies. By doing a close textual analysis and adopting a qualitative method of research, Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak’s concept of double deprecation of subaltern women and Simon De Beauvoir’s idea of transcendence of women are incorporated to conduct this research. The findings unveil that while women in the novel faces layered of suppression, Sufi storytelling and autonomous means of emancipation becomes source of transcendence, breaking the inflicted restrictions. Role of trauma resulting in silencing and invisibility of women, and the ways to grapple with the traumatic episodes, consequently leading to transforming women’s identity could be the subject of future research.

A Constitutional Analysis of Pakistan’s 26th and 27th Amendments: Implications for Governance and Representation

2026-02-02T19:38:43+05:00

This study investigate the 27th and 26th revisions to Pakistan's constitution along with their possible impact on the governing structure. It looks into how these shifts have altered power dynamics, changed organizational structures, and affected political representation. Implement a qualitative doctrinal methodology, the study exploit constitutional text, parliamentary debates and academic literature. The analysis disclose that modifications introduce major structural and legal implementations with the ability to affects federal and provisional relations, institutional balance and overall structure of governance. These reforms help to address important constitutional and administrative challenges, their impact depends on implementation and sustained political commitment. The findings suggest that the constitutional amendments introduce the legal and structural changes that have ability to control governance outcomes in multiple ways. Moreover, the study also highlight the effectiveness of amendments are not determined by provisions. Their impact depends on the implementation and democratic norms. The study accord the existing literature by offering a focused perspective about these amendments and highlight the relevance for debates on reform in Pakistan.

Balancing Resistance and Engagements: The Politics of Iran Nuclear Policy and US Economic Sanctions

2026-02-02T19:42:58+05:00

The purpose of this article is to examine Iran's dual strategy of engagement and resistance from 2015 to 2026, alongside the development of its nuclear program and the comprehensive sanctions time introduced by the United States. While previous studies have explored aspects of the Iranian nuclear issue, it remains one of the most complex and ending challenges in contemporary international relations, characterized by a delicate balance between diplomatic neglect and economic pressure. The Iran's nuclear activities, combined with the extensive sanctions enforced by the United States, have consistent drawn international attention and concern. A major diplomatic engagement, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) assent in 2015, temporarily limiting Iran's nuclear operations in exchange for sanctions relief. However, the agreement was signifiable undermined by the Trump administration's unilateral withdrawal in 2018 and the subsequent “maximum pressure” campaign, which allowed Iran to progressively expand its nuclear capabilities. Building on early research, this paper focuses on Iran's nuclear strategy and sanctions experience through an analytical review of policy developments, diplomatic negotiations, and sanctions implementation over the 2015–2026 period. Consequent of stalled negotiations, Iran is currently nearer to developing nuclear weapons than at any time since the JCPOA. The proof suggests that, even though sanctions have introduced considerable economic costs, they have been influential to halt Iran's nuclear ambitions without sustained diplomatic engagement. The future of Iran's nuclear strategy will depend on the inference of creative diplomatic solutions that balance coercive pressure with credit assurances, addressing the fundamental trust deficit between Washington and Tehran

Explore the Role of Character in the Perceived Success of 21st Century University Graduates in Pakistan

2026-02-02T19:47:32+05:00

This study aims to explore the role of character development in the perceived success of 21st-century university graduates in Pakistan, with specific focus on moral, emotional, and performance-based traits. Higher education in Pakistan traditionally prioritizes academic achievement, often neglecting character formation. Employers and society increasingly demand graduates who are ethically grounded, emotionally intelligent, and socially responsible. Islamic moral values further shape character expectations within the Pakistani sociocultural context. A qualitative phenomenological approach was adopted. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions involving graduates, faculty members, employers, policymakers, parents, and religious scholars. Findings identified adaptability, ethical integrity, resilience, emotional intelligence, civic responsibility, and lifelong learning as key traits of graduate success. Islamic values— Amanah, Ihsan, Sabr, and Shukr—emerged as central to character formation. Stakeholders showed strong consensus on the multidimensional nature of character. Universities should integrate character development into curricula and campus culture using the USEM model. Policymakers and employers should collaborate with universities to align academic training with moral and professional expectations.

Analyzing the Socio-Political Impact of Feminist Movements: A Comparative Study of African and American Contexts

2026-02-06T13:00:17+05:00

This paper analyzes and compares how the feminist movement has influenced social, political, and cultural spheres in Africa and the USA. This paper attempts to examine the different impacts and trajectories of the feminist movement in Africa vis a vis the movement in the USA. Uses a comparative qualitative analysis of African and American feminist movements in historical, cultural, and socio-political perspectives. The study finds that although feminist movements in Africa and the USA have made great gains for women's rights, their results vary depending on cultural differences, political, and economical contexts. In Africa, the movement is challenged with context-specific issues, while in the USA, part of the progress is influenced by institutionalized architectures and historical inequalities. Recommendations are made on the need to promote cross-cultural exchanges to advance global feminist solidarity while aligning strategies to address specific sociopolitical and cultural challenges facing women in both Africa and the USA. Further, it calls for strengthening educational and policy frameworks for supporting gender equality within different contexts.

Tourism and Technology: Adaptation Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development in Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan

2026-02-06T13:23:49+05:00

This study contributes the debate on the role of tourism and technology as adaptive strategies in sustainable rural development in Hunza Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Tourism growth, digital connectivity, and increased exposure to global ideas have reshaped local aspirations and development pathways in the last few years.This study employed qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and participant observation to collect date on tourism activities, community experiences, and their socio-economic and developmental impacts in Hunza District, focusing specifically on UDC 2 and UDC. The findings of this study show that links between tourism, technology, and rural development are not too complex to materialize for upgrading the quality of life. It is evident that the concept of rural development has evolved significantly, especially among young entrepreneurs. Moreover, nonprofit organizations (NGOs) have nurtured the ideas of self-help and participatory development among the broader Hunza population through various projects of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP). This study emphasizes the needs of locals, such as skill development, environmental stewardship, community resilience, and the development of entrepreneurial behavior.

Credible Green HRM and Employee Green Behaviour in Pakistani Banks: The Roles of Green Psychological Climate and Perceived Greenwashing

2026-02-09T16:45:46+05:00

The main objective of this study is to examine how green human resource management (GHRM) practices influence employee green behaviour (EGB) in the context of Pakistani commercial banks by focusing on the mediating role of green psychological climate (GPC) and the moderating role of perceived greenwashing. Drawing on ability motivation opportunity theory, social exchange theory, and signalling and legitimacy perspectives, the study proposes that GHRM practices foster a shared perception that environmental sustainability is valued and supported, which in turn encourages both in-role and extra-role green behaviour. At the same time, perceptions of greenwashing are expected to weaken the credibility of green HR signals. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered via Google Forms to employees working in commercial banks operating in Pakistan. Out of 500 distributed questionnaires, 203 usable responses were obtained, yielding a valid response rate of 40.6%. The hypothesized moderated mediation model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) with bootstrapping procedures. Measurement quality was evaluated using established criteria for reliability and validity. The findings indicate that GHRM practices are positively associated with green psychological climate, which in turn predicts both in-role and extra-role employee green behaviour. Perceived greenwashing negatively moderates the relationship between GHRM and green psychological climate, such that the indirect effect is weaker when greenwashing perceptions are high. Banking organizations should ensure internal credibility and authenticity in green HR systems to strengthen employee engagement in environmental sustainability.

HR Analytics and Organizational Performance in Pakistani Banks: The Mediating Role of Decision Bias Mitigation and Moderating Effect of Managerial Experience

2026-02-12T00:01:42+05:00

To explore the difference of HR analytics, technology use and organizational culture on performance of Pakistani banks mediated by DBM and moderated by managerial experience. The digital transformation and the competition make HR decisions biased. HR analytics performance value is not very evident in banking. 479 managers and HR professionals were cross-sectionally surveyed by using stratified sampling. To test mediation and moderation, SPSS/AMOS, SEM, and Hayes PROCESS bootstrapping (5,000 samples) were used to analyze the data.Technology adoption and organization culture, as well as HR analytics, played a significant role in upgrading performance. DBM mediated the entire relationships, and managerial experience added value to DBM-performance relation. The model had an explanation of 67% performance. Banks need to integrate analytics, technology, and culture and bias-reduction practices. Current research will use longitudinal and cross-country data.

Use of Bio-polymeric Dye from Butea monosperma (Palash Gond) Resin for Sustainable Textiles cotton, linen and silk Using Tie-Dye Technique

2026-02-12T14:56:42+05:00

This research paper examines how to extract natural dye from Butea monosperma (Palash Gond) and by using it for making fascinating fabric patterns through tie-dye techniques. The textile industry needs to evolve better ways to colour fabrics that do not harm the environment by use of Bio-polymeric dye. Natural dyes from plants offer a safe choice instead of chemical dyes that pollute water. In this research, mixed method research is used which integrates both qualitative and quantitative research which effectively address the research objectives. Aqueous method have been used to record how Palash resin works when applied on cotton, linen, and silk using traditional tie-dye technique like marbling, Nui shibori, and binding techniques. The findings reveal that Palash resin creates warm colours ranging from reddish pink to orange with clear pattern lines because the resin is naturally sticky and thick. Textile artists and small craft businesses can make use of natural dye to make special fabric products that customers’ value for being traditional and environmentally friendly

China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Disputes: Arbitration as a Strategic Tool for Investment Security

2026-02-13T14:59:26+05:00

This study examines that how arbitration can be strategically utilized to enhance investment security in China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects, focusing on disputes related to payments, tariffs, construction delays, and regulatory changes. CPEC projects face frequent commercial and regulatory disputes that threaten investment stability. Traditional dispute mechanisms may be slow or biased, reducing project predictability and investor confidence. Arbitration offers a potentially neutral and enforceable framework to manage these risks. A qualitative doctrinal analysis was conducted, supported by a case study of commercial arbitration, investment treaty arbitration, and multi-tier dispute resolution mechanisms. Arbitration provides neutrality, enforceability, and interim relief. Multi-tiered procedures and institutional arbitration reduce investment risks. Strategic arbitration design enhances project predictability, bankability, and investor confidence. CPEC stakeholders should adopt structured arbitration frameworks with clear interim measures and multi-tiered procedures to cultivate a secure investment environment.

Factors Responsible for Inventory Turnover at Traditional Red Brick Kilns of Sindh, Pakistan

2026-02-15T17:29:47+05:00

This research is about finding impact of different factors / costs on overall inventory turnover at a traditional and manual red brick kiln of Sindh. After noting shortage of bricks in target area it was need of the time to conduct such study. Inventory is stock of bricks that are manufactured at kilns. Inventory turnover ratio tells about the sales skill of the kiln management. It tells about times brick inventory is sold. Higher ratio is better. The main product inventory is red brick. Sample includes random 90 kilns sub divided into small, medium and large sizes. Research is applied, with questionnaire form and survey technique used. Kiln Inventory model is simple multiple linear regression model. SPSS is used. Variables are inventory turnover (Y variable), clay order size, clay orders, fuel order size , fuel orders ,holding cost and ordering cost. Production of average bricks is 230429, 2465477 and 7147059 bricks for small, medium and large kilns respectively. Inventory turnover ratio is 10 , 9.6 and 8.7 for small, medium and large kilns respectively. SPSS results tell that model used is valid with adjusted R2 of 0.473. All variables are significant (except one). Strongest beta/coefficient of the model is that of ‘holding cost’ of inventory. Clay orders (Quantity) has negative insignificant impact on the Inventory Turnover at an average kiln. Intercept tells that if all dependent variables are zero still kilns will turn over (i.e. sale) inventory 4.8 times (±1.7). Clay Orders and clay order size have both negative relationships with Inventory T.O. kiln should purchase to minimize inventory costs such as holding costs and ordering costs . Clay economic order quantity should be (EOQ) 131, 558 and 1099 maunds for small, medium and large kilns. Fuel economic order quantity should be (EOQ) 55, 1491 and 3869 maunds for small, medium and large kilns. Turnover is biggest for small kilns so should be taxed less.

Unlocking Technological Innovation: The Synergy of Knowledge-Based HR Practices, Pi-Shaped Skills, and Employee-Led Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Developing Economy

2026-02-16T00:45:03+05:00

This study examines the interplay among knowledge-based HR practices, pi-shaped skills, innovative employee behavior, and innovative outcomes, addressing the gap in understanding their intricate relationships. The rapid pace of technological advancements has catalyzed technological and non-technological innovations. Firms have realized the importance of employee innovative behavior as central to achieving higher firm innovations, which could be shaped through knowledge-based HR practices and specialized skills such as pi-shaped skills. Yet, the relationship between knowledge-based HRM practices and pi-shaped skills, which shape employee innovative behavior and innovation outcomes, remains relatively unexplored.This quantitative study employed a comprehensive knowledge-based framework in light of KBV theory. Data were collected from the pharmaceutical industry of a developing economy. A dual mediation approach was used to examine mediating effects of pi-shaped skills and employee innovative behavior. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) tested the hypotheses. Findings reveal that dual mediation facilitated by pi-shaped skills and employee innovative behavior, along with knowledge-based HRM practices, enhances innovative behavior and innovation outcomes. Pharmaceutical management should adopt knowledge-based HRM practices to nurture pi-shaped skills and employee innovative behavior, fostering innovative competencies.

Trump’s New 2026 Shock Doctrine: War, Deals and Global Chaos

2026-02-17T19:10:57+05:00

The research paper analyses the 2026 Shock Doctrine as a strategic model of disruption instead of a standard policy road-map, based on the assumption of how forceful diplomacy, transactional bargaining and nuanced crisis augmentation could redefine the international order. Recent changes in U.S. foreign policy indicate more and more reliance on unpredictability as a means of strategic leverage, which questions a long-standing set of multilateral norms and alliances expectations. With the help of a qualitative research design, the study employs discourse analysis and process tracing to policy narratives, policy communications, and policy responses in major power centers. According to the find, shock-based diplomacy increases volatility systemically, promotes asymmetric concession given constrained military ethos, and reformulates deterrence signaling in international systems of security. As much as it exhibits populist tendencies in foreign policy, the doctrine is a well-organized act of strategic disruption, the long-term effects of which might be observed on the cohesion of alliances and stability in the international arena. Enhancing multilateral crisis-management structures and adaptive diplomatic systems is thus needed to reduce the risks of escalation and avoidance of the rules based international order.

E-Governance and its Role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Pakistan

2026-02-19T16:07:55+05:00

This paper discusses how E-Governance has contributed to attaining Sustainable Development Goals in Pakistan using a qualitative approach to the analysis of government reports, policy documents, academic literature, and official publications. Results show that Pakistan has already gone far with regard to digital governance, and the Pakistan Reforms Report 2026 document reports 660 reforms in the federal institutions with 74 of them being digital-specific initiatives. The idea of reforms is highly consistent with SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), SDG 9 and SDG 7 which emphasize the governance first method of development. The existing provincial projects especially Punjab show how digital monitoring systems, third-party validation and evidence-based project management can come to reality. E-Governance has positive effects on poverty reduction and social welfare, facilitated by efficiency in the delivery of services to society and mediated by digital literacy. Nevertheless, this progress has not eliminated such challenges as execution fatigue, lack of coordination, digital divide, and sustainability issues. The report finds that combining the reforms, broadening accessibility, and investing in human resources are significant in achieving the revolutionary potential of the E-Governance to the SDG agenda in Pakistan.

Green Campus Development through Municipal Solid Waste Characterisation and Decentralised Waste Management: A Case Study of UET Peshawar, Abbottabad Campus

2026-02-25T21:51:52+05:00

This research examines how an educational institution can be transformed into a sustainable model for green campus initiatives, using a university campus as a case study. Muncipal solid waste management is emerging as a problem in developing countries because of urbanisation. Campuses can be living laboratories for implementing sustainable waste management, but currently, most campuses use centralised waste management systems. For this study, a mixed methodology was employed, which entailed a systematic review of secondary sources of information, as well as the collection of primary information at selected sites on the UET Abbottabad Campus. The secondary sources review and preliminary assessment of the existing waste management system were done in tandem to provide the conceptual basis for interventions at the sites while assessing current practices and operational gaps. Later, a comprehensive primary waste characterisation exercise was done through the segregation and weighing of waste generated in various units of the campus. Results shows that the organic waste contributed 66.8% to the total waste, but only 9.2% of the recyclable materials were processed, while the rest, 90.8%, was sent to the municipal dumping sites, which clearly reveals the disposal-centric system with a huge unrealised potential for on-site recovery and recycling. The findings establish the potential of decentralised waste management, especially when carried out in the vicinity. In an organised setting such as a university, decentralised composting can be an effective measure to treat organic waste, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance soil quality, making it a sustainable and economically viable solution for managing municipal solid waste. On-site composting and source segregation need to be implemented and institutionalised. A green campus model should be developed that can be replicated in resource-limited institutions.

Rule of Law in Medieval India: A Critical Analysis of Colonial Perceptions

2026-02-26T14:27:38+05:00

The rule of law in medieval India has been subjected to colonial misperceptions by Colonialists.The roots of the legal system stretched back to the ancient Dharma Shastra tradition of Hindu laws that could be witnessed in Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Arthashastra. Parallel to the Hindu legal system, the Muslim legal system, under Muslim rulers, was based on the laws of Sharia, also practiced on the land of Medieval India. During the colonization of the Indian Sub-continent, a new legal system was introduced. This gave a new fanatical and bigoted approach against the local Islamic and Hidus customary as well as religious laws. The named it as a despotism divine kingship and lack of structured judicial system. The research is conducted with qualitative cum exploratory paradigm to have a critical analysis of the colonial delusions and misperceptions that defile the minds of readers. This paper also examines the legal system of India during the medieval ages. The researcher has also shed light on the colonial legal system that was implemented by British colonists and damaged the legacy of the Indian rule of law to the utmost.