Journal of Development and Social Sciences

Evaluating Confidence in Government and its Determining and Contributing Factors: A Case Study of Pakistan using World Value Survey

2025-09-30T23:50:32+05:00

This paper assesses public confidence in the Government of Pakistan and examines the key factors influencing this confidence, as identified in existing literature. Using data from the 7th wave of the World Values Survey (2017–2020), the analysis is conducted in two stages. First, Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping is employed to visualize the spatial distribution of average confidence levels across multiple dimensions, including trust in government, armed forces, judiciary, democratic and religious political systems, business ownership preferences, and overall happiness. The subsequent part of the study employs ordered-logistic regression analysis to quantify coefficient values corresponding to the determinants and contributing factors of confidence levels. These coefficients are extrapolated as mean values representative of the entire nation. Furthermore, the study generates average marginal effects of the variables, which aid in interpreting the coefficients in terms of probabilities. The study's findings underscore the pivotal role of public institutions in fostering substantial government confidence. Key determinants such as public institute confidence, income levels, education, health, life and job security, political engagement, happiness, life satisfaction, and perceptions about corruption all significantly influence and contribute to the public's confidence in the government.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Styles and Workplace Dynamics among University Students

2025-10-03T11:40:40+05:00

Emotional intelligence (EI) has gained increasing scholarly attention as a core factor shaping leadership effectiveness and organizational interactions. While substantial research has been conducted in Western contexts, its significance among university students in Pakistan has yet to be adequately examined. This study explores the influence of EI on leadership styles—specifically transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire—and on workplace-like dynamics such as collaboration, conflict management, and team satisfaction. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 350 university students active in student organizations. Quantitative findings, based on the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), indicated strong associations between EI and transformational leadership (r = .52, p < .001) as well as between EI and group satisfaction (r = .45, p < .001). Complementary interviews with 20 student leaders underscored the role of empathy, cultural awareness, and adaptability in fostering inclusive and cooperative dynamics. The results highlight the potential of EI to strengthen leadership capacities within Pakistan’s collectivist educational context, suggesting that targeted EI development should be integrated into university leadership and professional training programs.

Stigmatization and Social Exclusion of Transgender Individuals in Sargodha: A Thematic Analysis

2025-10-05T09:05:45+05:00

The purpose of the study is to explore how language, body language, and social behavior in Sargodha reflect transphobic attitudes and contribute to the social exclusion of transgender. People who are identified as transgender frequently face major obstacles, such as limited access to healthcare and employment possibilities, illiteracy, and domestic violence among many others. Due to their long absence from legal recognition for a long time, it has been increasingly difficult to comprehend their issues and evaluate the success of initiatives aimed at enhancing their socioeconomic circumstances. The study was qualitative in nature, and data were gathered using the case study approach. Data was collected through brief interviews of Transgender individuals from Sargodha. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis. The study's findings reveal that transgender individuals frequently face early rejection from their biological family, with fathers usually being more aggressive than mothers. Such rejection encourages peers and extended family to humiliate them, which often leads to school dropout. Due to stigmatization and shame, many are sent off to the transgender community, separating them from their homes. Another finding highlights that in public places, they are rarely treated with respect and women in particular are often unwilling to interact with them, even in official settings. This study suggested creating separate forums or designated space for transgender individuals to provide them with safe social environment.

An Icon of Faith and Imperial Hegemony: Cathedral Church of Resurrection, Lahore

2025-10-05T23:23:42+05:00

To study the diverse and rich religious cultural heritage of Lahore, Cathedral Church of Resurrection is a good example. A good example of colonial agenda of imposing and legitimizing power through architecture. “The Cathedral Church of Resurrection, Lahore, also known as Lahore Cathedral, is an Anglican cathedral in the heart of Lahore, Pakistan. It was built on The Mall in 1887, opposite the Lahore High Court…The cathedral is in the Neo-Gothic style of architecture.” The method used is qualitative. Social Constructivism is used through interview and site visit. The Cathedral Church of Resurrection is a treasure trove of history of British India. It clears many misunderstandings regarding the Christians of Lahore. We come to know about the influential religious figures of colonial era. It gives us a peek into the lifestyle and religious practices of the Christian community. Lahore is fortunate to have Gothic architecture in the city. Lahore Cathedral imparts grandeur to The Mall and old city. Christian minority contribution in education is immense and it needs to be revived.