Evaluating Confidence in Government and its Determining and Contributing Factors: A Case Study of Pakistan using World Value Survey

Yasir Zada Khan, Tehmina Asad — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This paper assesses public confidence in the Government of Pakistan and examines the key factors influencing this confidence, as identified in existing literature. Using data from the 7th wave of the World Values Survey (2017–2020), the analysis is conducted in two stages. First, Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping is employed to visualize the spatial distribution of average confidence levels across multiple dimensions, including trust in government, armed forces, judiciary, democratic and religious political systems, business ownership preferences, and overall happiness. The subsequent part of the study employs ordered-logistic regression analysis to quantify coefficient values corresponding to the determinants and contributing factors of confidence levels. These coefficients are extrapolated as mean values representative of the entire nation. Furthermore, the study generates average marginal effects of the variables, which aid in interpreting the coefficients in terms of probabilities. The study's findings underscore the pivotal role of public institutions in fostering substantial government confidence. Key determinants such as public institute confidence, income levels, education, health, life and job security, political engagement, happiness, life satisfaction, and perceptions about corruption all significantly influence and contribute to the public's confidence in the government.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Styles and Workplace Dynamics among University Students

Qudsia Manzoor, Huma Younis, Zuhair Qudoos — Thu, 02 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Emotional intelligence (EI) has gained increasing scholarly attention as a core factor shaping leadership effectiveness and organizational interactions. While substantial research has been conducted in Western contexts, its significance among university students in Pakistan has yet to be adequately examined. This study explores the influence of EI on leadership styles—specifically transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire—and on workplace-like dynamics such as collaboration, conflict management, and team satisfaction. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 350 university students active in student organizations. Quantitative findings, based on the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), indicated strong associations between EI and transformational leadership (r = .52, p < .001) as well as between EI and group satisfaction (r = .45, p < .001). Complementary interviews with 20 student leaders underscored the role of empathy, cultural awareness, and adaptability in fostering inclusive and cooperative dynamics. The results highlight the potential of EI to strengthen leadership capacities within Pakistan’s collectivist educational context, suggesting that targeted EI development should be integrated into university leadership and professional training programs.

Journal of Development and Social Sciences

Evaluating Confidence in Government and its Determining and Contributing Factors: A Case Study of Pakistan using World Value Survey

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Styles and Workplace Dynamics among University Students