Between Sanctions and Strategy: The Evolution of China-Iran Relations in a Shifting Global Order

Abstract

This qualitative study focuses that how China and Iran have developed their relations under the US-led sanctions imposed on Iran and how they evolved their relations in a shifting global order. Entering the 21st century, a new relation emerged between Beijing and Tehran, and has developed into a multi-layered and highly complex relationship of a strategic partnership. The motives behind these mutual interests; the presence of common geopolitical objectives, cooperative economic requirements, and shared opposition to Western dominance are also discussed in this study. China's foreign policy has always been characterized by a strong emphasis on neutrality and non-intervention; however, her relationship with Iran shows a carefully measured degree of support to an economically sanctioned country, recognizing the geopolitical significance of Iran as a Middle Eastern country. The multidimensional China-Iran partnership has been strengthening since 2000 and particularly after the US sanctions against Iran deepened, alongside the US Shift to Asia. Currently, economically and diplomatically isolated Iran has found in China an important source of support. Also, an important source of support for China is Iran, who highly values an economically developing country with the energy supply, the expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative, and the support for a multi-polar world. In addition to all of this, China has an increasing desire for strategic diversification in the Middle East and in this case is also providing a good opportunity to her. It is recommended that if China wants to make BRI a safe and successful route in the Middle East, and get benefit from the cheap Irani petroleum products, it is necessary for her to keep continue her support in every field even in the presence of US-led Western sanctions. It is also recommended for Iran to respect China’s balancing strategy towards all the Gulf states.