Democratization and Authoritarianism under Musharraf: A Comparative Analysis with other Military Regimes

Abstract

This paper intends to analyze a complex interplay between democratization and authoritarianism during Pervez Musharraf's tenure as Pakistan's military dictator from 1999 to 2008. On the one hand, Musharraf initiated some democratic reforms, such as holding elections, granting freedom of speech, and lifting restrictions on political parties. However, on the other hand, he also maintained authoritarian control through emergency rule, arbitrary arrests, and censorship. Examining Musharraf's regime in comparison with other military regimes in Pakistan reveals both similarities and differences. Therefore, this research employed a qualitative research methodology under case study approach. However, the findings of the study suggest that like other dictators, Musharraf justified his rule by claiming to restore order and stability in the face of political instability. He also implemented economic reforms that achieved short-term growth but exacerbated inequality and debt. However, unlike some previous regimes, Musharraf's rule included elements of democratization, albeit limited. Unlike the brutal dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq, Musharraf allowed some political dissent and facilitated the formation of opposition parties. This tentative liberalization foreshadowed the eventual transition to civilian rule after his resignation in 2008. Additionally, this study recommends that Pakistan must commit to upholding fundamental rights, strengthening independent institutions, and ensuring accountability to foster genuine democratization and move beyond its troubled past.